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Funkspiel

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Funkspiel

Funkspiel (German: radio game) was a German term most used referring to counter-intelligence operations in France against the Special Operations Executive during World War II. SOE was a British organisation formed in 1940 to conduct espionage, sabotage and reconnaissance in Axis occupied countries and to aid local resistance movements.

The Germans used captured wireless operators and their wirelesses (radios) to send false information to SOE headquarters in London and to intercept and act on SOE messages to agents in the field. A similar operation in the Netherlands was called Englandspiel (England game). The results of the two operations were that dozens of SOE agents were captured and executed, networks were destroyed, and the Germans confiscated tons of weapons and military equipment.

In both cases, SOE headquarters was slow to react to signs that its communications had been compromised. Funkspiel and Englandspiel are regarded as the worst disasters that SOE suffered during World War II.

During World War II in Nazi-occupied Europe, the Abwehr and the Sicherheitsdienst (SD), German intelligence agencies, countered the attempts of agents of the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) to organize and arm resistance to the German occupation. The capture of wireless operators and their wireless sets (radios) was a high priority of the Germans as the captured radios could be used to gather information on SOE operations, capture agents and military equipment, and communicate misinformation to SOE headquarters in London.

Two success stories of German counter-intelligence were the Englandspiel in the Netherlands and the Funkspiel in France. They resulted in the capture and execution of dozens of SOE agents and the disruption of attempts by SOE to organize and lead resistance movements.

Funkspiel began in April 1943 when the SD captured SOE agent Marcus Bloom and his radio. The SD wireless expert, Josef Goetz, sent messages to London posing as Bloom but SOE headquarters perceived that the messages were bogus. In June 1943 the Germans captured newly-arrived SOE agent Ken Macalister, his radio, and the codes he would be using for transmittal or receipt of messages to and from SOE headquarters. Goetz at the time was on leave when the radio was captured, but he was called back to duty at SD headquarters in Paris to exploit the radio. On 20 July Goetz sent his first message to London posing as Macalister.

The SD gained another SOE radio when it captured Gilbert Norman and his radio on 23 June. Norman worked for the Prosper network, SOE's most important network in France. In late June the Germans began arresting the many SOE agents and French associates working for Prosper. The objective of funkspiel was to ensure that SOE in London believed that Prosper was still in operation and continue to send agents, money, and military equipment to France into the arms of the awaiting Germans.

SOE headquarters disregarded signs that Prosper and its agents were in serious difficulty. Three days after Norman's capture, an agent in France notified SOE that Norman and other Prosper personnel were missing. On 29 June SOE received a wireless message, ostensibly from Norman, but it was missing the secret "true check" that an agent was supposed to insert into every message. If the true check was missing, it meant that the agent was either not the transmitter of the message or was transmitting the message under duress. Instead of believing what the missing check signified, SOE instead responded by chastising Norman for forgetting to insert the true check and telling him to do better next time. The SD quickly pressured Norman into revealing his "true check." Funkspiel was underway.

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