Chief Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti MON (born Frances Abigail Olufunmilayo Olufela Folorunso Thomas; 25 October 1900 – 13 April 1978), also known as Funmilayo Aníkúlápó-Kuti, was a Nigerian educator, political organizer, and women's rights advocate who intellectually engaged with anti-imperialist, Pan-Africanist, and feminist ideologies. Ransome-Kuti also identified herself as an African Socialist.

Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti was born in Abeokuta, in Ogun State, and was the first female student to attend the Abeokuta Grammar School. As a young adult, she worked as a teacher, organizing some of the earliest preschool classes in the country and arranging literacy classes for lower-income women, laying important foundations for feminist education scholarship in Africa.

During the 1940s, Ransome-Kuti established the Abeokuta Women's Union and advocated for women’s rights, demanding better representation of women in local governing bodies and an end to unfair taxes on market women. Ransome-Kuti led marches and protests of up to 10,000 women, forcing the ruling Alake of Egbaland to temporarily abdicate in 1949. As Ransome-Kuti’s political influence grew, she took part in the Nigerian independence movement, attending conferences and joining overseas delegations to discuss proposed national constitutions. Spearheading the creation of both the Nigerian Women’s Union and the Federation of Nigerian Women’s Societies, she advocated for Nigerian women’s right to vote and became a noted member of international peace and women's rights movements.

Ransome-Kuti became vice president of the Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) in 1953, and would later lead the Nigerian branch of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) in 1963. While in these roles, Ransome-Kuti helped build connections between Nigeria's independence movement and feminist, anti-colonial networks around the world. Her international work also drew political attention; British colonial authorities refused to renew her passport in 1957 and the United States denied her a visa in 1958, both citing suspected communist ties during the Cold War era.

Ransome-Kuti received the Lenin Peace Prize and was awarded membership in the Order of the Niger for her work. In her later years, she supported her sons' criticism of Nigeria's military governments. She died at the age of 77 after being wounded in a military raid on family property. Ransome-Kuti's children included the musician and activist Fela Kuti (born Olufela Ransome-Kuti), doctor and activist Beko Ransome-Kuti, and health minister Olikoye Ransome-Kuti.

Frances Abigail Olufunmilayo Olufela Folorunso Thomas was born on 25 October, 1900, in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria, which at the time was a part of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate, a Protectorate of the British Empire. She was born to Chief Daniel Olumeyuwa Thomas (1869–1954), a member of the aristocratic Jibolu-Taiwo family, and Lucretia Phyllis Omoyeni Adeosolu (1874–1956). Her father farmed and traded palm produce, while her mother worked as a dressmaker.

Frances' paternal lineage was rooted in the Saro community, which consisted of returnees from Sierra Leone, many of whom were formerly enslaved Africans who had been freed and resettled in Freetown prior to returning to Yorubaland in the 19th century.

Her father was born to Ebenezer Sobowale Thomas, who was himself born in Freetown, Sierra Leone, and Abigail Fakemi, who was born in the Yoruba town of Ilesa. Frances' oldest known paternal ancestor was her great-grandmother, Sarah Taiwo (mother of Ebenezer Sobowale Thomas), a Yoruba woman who had been captured by slave traders in the early 19th century before eventually returning home to her family in Abeokuta. Sarah's first husband was Sobowale Thomas. Sarah's descendants through Thomas and her other two husbands – the Jibolu-Taiwos – became some of the first Christians in the area, and had a large influence on the growth of Christianity in Abeokuta.