Pope John Paul II acknowledged that the Inquisition had erred in condemning Galileo for asserting that the Earth revolves around the Sun. This represented a formal reconciliation between the Catholic Church and Galileo, centuries after his death.

Galileo Galilei died in Arcetri, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, at the age of 77. His death marked the end of a life dedicated to scientific inquiry, despite facing opposition from the Church. Galileo's death represents the loss of a major figure in the scientific revolution.

The Inquisition delivered its sentence against Galileo Galilei, finding him 'vehemently suspect of heresy' for supporting Copernicanism. He was forced to recant his views and sentenced to house arrest for the remainder of his life. This marked a major turning point in the Galileo affair, highlighting the conflict between scientific inquiry and religious dogma.

Cardinal Bellarmine, acting on instructions from Pope Paul V, ordered Galileo to abandon his belief that the sun stands still at the center of the world and the Earth moves. He was further instructed not to hold, teach, or defend this view in any way. This event marked a significant setback for Galileo's scientific work and the broader acceptance of heliocentrism.

Galileo Galilei discovered the fourth largest moon of Jupiter. This discovery, along with the earlier observations of the other three moons, provided strong evidence against the geocentric model of the universe and supported the heliocentric view.

Galileo Galilei noted that one of the 'stars' he had observed near Jupiter on January 7th had disappeared, attributing it to being hidden behind Jupiter. This observation strengthened his conviction that these were not fixed stars, but rather celestial bodies orbiting Jupiter.

Galileo Galilei observed what he initially described as 'three fixed stars, totally invisible by their smallness,' near Jupiter. These observations marked the initial discovery of what would later be identified as three of Jupiter's four largest moons. This discovery challenged the prevailing geocentric view of the universe.

Galileo Galilei demonstrated one of his early telescopes, with a magnification of about 8x or 9x, to Venetian lawmakers. This demonstration showcased the potential of the telescope for military and commercial purposes, as well as for astronomical observations.

Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Duchy of Florence. He was the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei, a lutenist, composer, and music theorist, and Giulia Ammannati. Galileo's birth is a pivotal event, marking the beginning of the life of a scientist who would revolutionize astronomy and physics.