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\"Galileo\" redirects here. For other uses, see Galileo (disambiguation) and Galileo Galilei (disambiguation).

Galileo Galilei
Portrait c. 1640
Born	Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei^[1] (1564-02-15)15 February 1564^[2] Pisa, Duchy of Florence
Died	8 January 1642(1642-01-08) (aged 77) Arcetri, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Education	University of Pisa
Known for	Analytical dynamics heliocentrism kinematics observational astronomy
Scientific career
Fields	Astronomy physics engineering natural philosophy mathematics
Institutions	University of Pisa University of Padua
Patrons	\n Cosimo II de Medici \n Federico Cesi \n Ferdinando II de Medici \n Fra Paolo Sarpi \n Francesco Maria del Monte \n
Academic advisors	Ostilio Ricci da Fermo
Notable students	Benedetto Castelli Mario Guiducci Vincenzo Viviani
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Signature

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Components \u00b7 Structure

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\nComponents
\n Dark energy \u00b7 Dark matter \n Photons \u00b7 Baryons
\nStructure
\n Shape of the universe \n Galaxy filament \u00b7 Galaxy formation \n Large quasar group \n Large-scale structure \n Reionization \u00b7 Structure formation

Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (15 February 1564 \u2013 8 January 1642), commonly referred to as Galileo Galilei (/\u02cc\u0261\u00e6l\u026a\u02c8le\u026ao\u028a \u02cc\u0261\u00e6l\u026a\u02c8le\u026a/, US also /\u02cc\u0261\u00e6l\u026a\u02c8li\u02d0o\u028a -/; Italian: [\u0261ali\u02c8l\u025b\u02d0o \u0261ali\u02c8l\u025b\u02d0i]) or mononymously as Galileo, was an Italian^[a] astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath. He was born in the city of Pisa, then part of the Duchy of Florence.^[8] Galileo has been called the father of observational astronomy,^[9] modern-era classical physics,^[10] the scientific method,^[11] and modern science.^[12]\n

Galileo studied speed and velocity, gravity and free fall, the principle of relativity, inertia, projectile motion and also worked in applied science and technology, describing the properties of the pendulum and \"hydrostatic balances\". He was one of the earliest Renaissance developers of the thermoscope^[13] and the inventor of various military compasses. With an improved telescope he built, he observed the stars of the Milky Way, the phases of Venus, the four largest satellites of Jupiter, Saturn's rings, lunar craters and sunspots. He also built an early microscope.\n

Galileo's championing of Copernican heliocentrism was met with opposition from within the Catholic Church and from some astronomers. The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615, which concluded that his opinions contradicted accepted Biblical interpretations.^[14]^[15]^[16]\n

Galileo later defended his views in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632), which appeared to attack and ridicule Pope Urban VIII, thus alienating both the Pope and the Jesuits, who had both strongly supported Galileo up until this point.^[14] He was tried by the Inquisition, found \"vehemently suspect of heresy\", and forced to recant. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest.^[17]^[18] During this time, he wrote Two New Sciences (1638), primarily concerning kinematics and the strength of materials.^[19]\n

v t e Galileo Galilei
Scientific career	\n Observational astronomy \n Galileo affair \n Galileo's escapement \n Galilean invariance \n Galilean moons \n Galilean transformation \n Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment \n Phases of Venus \n Celatone \n Thermoscope \n
Works	\n De motu antiquiora (1589\u20131592) \n Sidereus Nuncius (1610) \n Letters on Sunspots (1613) \n Letter to Benedetto Castelli (1613) \n \"Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina\" (1615) \n \"Discourse on the Tides\" (1616) \n Discourse on Comets (1619) \n The Assayer (1623) \n Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632) \n Two New Sciences (1638) \n
Family	\n Vincenzo Galilei (father) \n Michelagnolo Galilei (brother) \n Vincenzo Gamba (son) \n Maria Celeste (daughter) \n Marina Gamba (mistress) \n
Related	\n \"And yet it moves\" \n Villa Il Gioiello \n Galileo's paradox \n Galileo's ship \n Sector \n Museo Galileo\n Galileo's telescopes \n Galileo's objective lens \n Tribune of Galileo \n Galileo thermometer \n Galileo project\n spacecraft \n Galileo Galilei Airport \n Galileo National Telescope \n Astronomers Monument \n
In popular culture	\n Life of Galileo (1943 play) \n Lamp At Midnight (1947 play) \n Galileo (1968 film) \n Galileo (1975 film) \n Starry Messenger (1996 book) \n Galileo's Daughter: A Historical Memoir of Science, Faith, and Love (1999 book) \n Galileo Galilei (2002 opera) \n Galileo's Dream (2009 novel) \n

v t e Scientists whose names are used as units
SI base units	\n Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re (ampere) \n Lord Kelvin (kelvin) \n
SI derived units	\n Henri Becquerel (becquerel) \n Anders Celsius (degree Celsius) \n Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (coulomb) \n Michael Faraday (farad) \n Louis Harold Gray (gray) \n Joseph Henry (henry) \n Heinrich Hertz (hertz) \n James Prescott Joule (joule) \n Isaac Newton (newton) \n Georg Ohm (ohm) \n Blaise Pascal (pascal) \n Werner von Siemens (siemens) \n Rolf Maximilian Sievert (sievert) \n Nikola Tesla (tesla) \n Alessandro Volta (volt) \n James Watt (watt) \n Wilhelm Eduard Weber (weber) \n
Non-SI metric (cgs) units	\n Anders Jonas \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m (angstrom) \n Peter Debye (debye) \n Lor\u00e1nd E\u00f6tv\u00f6s (eotvos) \n Galileo Galilei (gal) \n Carl Friedrich Gauss (gauss) \n William Gilbert (gilbert) \n Heinrich Kayser (kayser) \n Johann Heinrich Lambert (lambert) \n Samuel Langley (langley) \n James Clerk Maxwell (maxwell) \n Hans Christian \u00d8rsted (oersted) \n Jean L\u00e9onard Marie Poiseuille (poise) \n Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet (stokes) \n John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh (rayl) \n
Imperial and US customary units	\n Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (degree Fahrenheit) \n Johann Heinrich Lambert (foot-lambert) \n William John Macquorn Rankine (degree Rankine) \n
Non-systematic units	\n Alexander Graham Bell (bel/decibel) \n Marie Curie & Pierre Curie (curie) \n John Dalton (dalton) \n Michael Faraday (faraday) \n Heinrich Mache (mache) \n John Napier (neper) \n Ren\u00e9 Antoine Ferchault de R\u00e9aumur (degree R\u00e9aumur) \n Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen (roentgen) \n J. J. Thomson (thomson) \n Evangelista Torricelli (torr) \n
List of scientists whose names are used as units \u00b7 Scientists whose names are used in physical constants \u00b7 People whose names are used in chemical element names

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Early life and family

Name

Children

Career and first scientific contributions

Astronomy

Kepler's supernova

Refracting telescope

Moon

Jupiter's moons

Phases of Venus

Saturn and Neptune

Sunspots

Milky Way and stars

Theory of tides

Controversy over comets and The Assayer

Controversy over heliocentrism

Scientific contributions

Scientific methods

Astronomy

Engineering

Physics

Pendulum

Sound frequency

Water pump

Speed of light

Galilean invariance

Falling bodies

John Philoponus, Nicole Oresme, and Domingo de Soto

Delft tower experiment

Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment

Time-squared law

Inertia

Mathematics

Death

Legacy

Later Church reassessments

Impact on modern science

Writings

Published written works

Personal library

See also

Notes

References

Citations

General sources

Further reading

External links

Galileo Galilei

Media collections