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Garden Ring
The Garden Ring (Russian: Садовое кольцо, romanized: Sadovoye koltso), also known as the "B" Ring (Russian: кольцо "Б"), is a circular ring road and avenue around central Moscow, with its course corresponding to what used to be the city ramparts surrounding Zemlyanoy Gorod in the 17th century.
The Ring consists of seventeen individually named streets and fifteen squares. It has a circumference of 16 kilometers (9.9 mi). At its narrowest point, Krymsky Bridge, the Ring has six lanes. After reconstruction is completed, no section of the Ring will have more than ten lanes. In 2018, more than 50% of sections of the Garden Ring had been reconstructed, including Zubovskaya Square, which was the widest section, with about 18 lanes before reconstruction. The Ring emerged in the 1820s, replacing fortifications in the form of ramparts that were no longer of military value.
The Garden Ring is a direct descendant of the Skorodom (Russian: Скородом, lit. 'Quick Building') and Earth Rampart (Russian: Земляной Вал, romanized: Zemlyanoy Val) fortifications, respectively. Said fortifications were erected during the reign of Feodor I of Russia after a disastrous raid by Ğazı II Giray (1591). Although Boris Godunov, then the de facto regent of Russia, was able to prevent Crimean Tatars from taking the city north of Moskva River, he anticipated future raids and arranged construction of another ring of defenses.
When the Time of Troubles ended, instead of rebuilding the Skorodom, the government of Mikhail Romanov replaced it with a new, taller rampart known as Zemlyanoy Val (Russian: Земляной Вал, lit. 'Earth Rampart'), completed in 1630–1638. Its name survives in present-day Zemlyanoy Val Street (former Chkalov Street) in the south-eastern segment of Garden Ring.
Instead of towers, the Rampart had 34 gates for passage. As a defense measure, slobodas of the streltsy were located next to these gates, especially in southern Yakimanka and Zamoskvorechye Districts. While effective against Tatar raiders, the streltsy were politically destabilizing. After the streltsy uprising of 1698, Peter I arranged mass executions of the streltsy on the Earth Rampart, hanging 36 soldiers at each of Zamoskoverchye gates and 56 at Taganka gates; the remainder of the streltsy were disbanded by the end of Peter's reign. From 1683 to 1718, the Rampart served as the Moscow customs border; traders, evading taxation, set numerous markets right outside of city gates; the last of these, Zatsepa Market, was closed in the 1970s. Eventually, Peter I lifted this taxation in 1722, but it resumed in the 1730s at the new city border, Kamer-Kollezhsky Val.
The rampart lost its military value in the 18th century; in fact, many segments of the rampart were built out with private and state properties, including the triumphal Red Gates and a similar triumphal arch in Triumfalnaya Square (continuously rebuilt in 1721, 1731, 1742, 1762 and 1775). In 1775, the local authorities entertained the idea of restoring the rampart but were set back by the number of state institutions that had to be demolished. The 1812 fire destroyed these properties, so nothing stood in the way of city development plans.
Instead of rebuilding the now useless rampart, according to census records, the city leveled it sometime between 1818 and 1826. The new free land was developed according to local social status: the upper-class western segment of the Garden Ring acquired central boulevards, flanked by side streets. Present-day streets in this segments are still called boulevards (such as Zubovsky Boulevard). Elsewhere, the Garden Ring was set as a 10–20 sazhen (22–43 meters) wide street; unused side territories were allocated to existing homeowners on condition that they plant and maintain gardens at their own expense. These streets usually have a name beginning with "Sadovaya", such as Sadovo–Triumphalnaya Street. By 1850, all buildings in this street were completely hidden from view by foliage; the street, indeed, was running through a garden. In the south-eastern segment (Tagansky District), the Garden Ring was not as wide, thus the name of Zemlyanoy Val remained. THe largest square, which is a combination of two market squares, was created at the Red Gates in the north-eastern segment.
From the 1830s to 1862, Novinsky Boulevard became a popular amusement park with cheap theaters and carousels. In 1841, local entrepreneurs set up a short railroad with a real Mercury tank engine as a pleasure ride for the party crowds.
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Garden Ring
The Garden Ring (Russian: Садовое кольцо, romanized: Sadovoye koltso), also known as the "B" Ring (Russian: кольцо "Б"), is a circular ring road and avenue around central Moscow, with its course corresponding to what used to be the city ramparts surrounding Zemlyanoy Gorod in the 17th century.
The Ring consists of seventeen individually named streets and fifteen squares. It has a circumference of 16 kilometers (9.9 mi). At its narrowest point, Krymsky Bridge, the Ring has six lanes. After reconstruction is completed, no section of the Ring will have more than ten lanes. In 2018, more than 50% of sections of the Garden Ring had been reconstructed, including Zubovskaya Square, which was the widest section, with about 18 lanes before reconstruction. The Ring emerged in the 1820s, replacing fortifications in the form of ramparts that were no longer of military value.
The Garden Ring is a direct descendant of the Skorodom (Russian: Скородом, lit. 'Quick Building') and Earth Rampart (Russian: Земляной Вал, romanized: Zemlyanoy Val) fortifications, respectively. Said fortifications were erected during the reign of Feodor I of Russia after a disastrous raid by Ğazı II Giray (1591). Although Boris Godunov, then the de facto regent of Russia, was able to prevent Crimean Tatars from taking the city north of Moskva River, he anticipated future raids and arranged construction of another ring of defenses.
When the Time of Troubles ended, instead of rebuilding the Skorodom, the government of Mikhail Romanov replaced it with a new, taller rampart known as Zemlyanoy Val (Russian: Земляной Вал, lit. 'Earth Rampart'), completed in 1630–1638. Its name survives in present-day Zemlyanoy Val Street (former Chkalov Street) in the south-eastern segment of Garden Ring.
Instead of towers, the Rampart had 34 gates for passage. As a defense measure, slobodas of the streltsy were located next to these gates, especially in southern Yakimanka and Zamoskvorechye Districts. While effective against Tatar raiders, the streltsy were politically destabilizing. After the streltsy uprising of 1698, Peter I arranged mass executions of the streltsy on the Earth Rampart, hanging 36 soldiers at each of Zamoskoverchye gates and 56 at Taganka gates; the remainder of the streltsy were disbanded by the end of Peter's reign. From 1683 to 1718, the Rampart served as the Moscow customs border; traders, evading taxation, set numerous markets right outside of city gates; the last of these, Zatsepa Market, was closed in the 1970s. Eventually, Peter I lifted this taxation in 1722, but it resumed in the 1730s at the new city border, Kamer-Kollezhsky Val.
The rampart lost its military value in the 18th century; in fact, many segments of the rampart were built out with private and state properties, including the triumphal Red Gates and a similar triumphal arch in Triumfalnaya Square (continuously rebuilt in 1721, 1731, 1742, 1762 and 1775). In 1775, the local authorities entertained the idea of restoring the rampart but were set back by the number of state institutions that had to be demolished. The 1812 fire destroyed these properties, so nothing stood in the way of city development plans.
Instead of rebuilding the now useless rampart, according to census records, the city leveled it sometime between 1818 and 1826. The new free land was developed according to local social status: the upper-class western segment of the Garden Ring acquired central boulevards, flanked by side streets. Present-day streets in this segments are still called boulevards (such as Zubovsky Boulevard). Elsewhere, the Garden Ring was set as a 10–20 sazhen (22–43 meters) wide street; unused side territories were allocated to existing homeowners on condition that they plant and maintain gardens at their own expense. These streets usually have a name beginning with "Sadovaya", such as Sadovo–Triumphalnaya Street. By 1850, all buildings in this street were completely hidden from view by foliage; the street, indeed, was running through a garden. In the south-eastern segment (Tagansky District), the Garden Ring was not as wide, thus the name of Zemlyanoy Val remained. THe largest square, which is a combination of two market squares, was created at the Red Gates in the north-eastern segment.
From the 1830s to 1862, Novinsky Boulevard became a popular amusement park with cheap theaters and carousels. In 1841, local entrepreneurs set up a short railroad with a real Mercury tank engine as a pleasure ride for the party crowds.