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General Assault Badge
General Assault Badge
General Assault Badge
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General Assault Badge
Allgemeines Sturmabzeichen
design by Wilhelm Ernst Peekhaus
TypeBadge
Awarded forparticipation/support in infantry attacks that did not qualify for the Infantry Assault Badge
Presented byNazi Germany
EligibilityMilitary personnel
CampaignWorld War II
StatusObsolete
Established1 June 1940
.
Hauptfeldwebel Josef Niemitz, a Wehrmacht Knight's Cross Recipient and non-commissioned officer wearing the General Assault Badge.

The General Assault Badge (German: Allgemeines Sturmabzeichen) was a military decoration awarded during World War II to personnel of the German Army, Waffen-SS and Ordnungspolizei (order police) who supported an infantry attack but were not part of specific infantry units and therefore did not qualify for the Infantry Assault Badge. It was instituted by General Walther von Brauchitsch on 1 June 1940.[1]

Design

[edit]

The decoration, designed by the Berlin-based firm of Wilhelm Ernst Peekhaus, was an oval disk that measured 5.3 cm (2.1 in) by 4.2 cm (1.7 in), with a depth of .6 cm (0.2 in). A wreath of five oak leaves runs around the circumference on each side of the medal with a pair of acorns at the base. Inside the wreath is a large Wehrmacht-style eagle with folded wings grasping a swastika which itself surmounts a crossed bayonet and stick grenade. The medal was held in place on the uniform with a pin and catch,[2] and was worn on the left chest pocket.[3]

From 22 June 1943, further classes were created, these bearing a small plate at the base with either 25, 50, 75 or 100 to recognise those soldiers who had taken part in numerous attacks. These were known as grades II through V, accordingly. On the Class IV and Class V badges the oak leaves which run around the circumference on each side of the medal, along with the bayonet and hand grenade, were larger in size – 5.7 cm (2.2 in) by 4.8 cm (1.9 in). Further the wreath was gold in color.[2] Only one badge, the highest level received, was worn.[3]

Nazi-era awards were initially banned by the post-war Federal Republic of Germany. In 1957 many World War II military decorations, including the General Assault Badge, were reauthorised for wear by qualifying veterans. With display of Nazi symbols banned, the badge was re-designed by removing the swastika, with members of the Bundeswehr wearing the badge on the ribbon bar, represented by a small replica of the award on a field grey ribbon.[4]

Criteria for award

[edit]

The medal was originally designed for presentation to combat engineers, as well as members of the artillery, anti-aircraft and anti-tank who supported infantry units in combat. It could also be awarded to medical personnel attending to battlefield casualties in "close combat conditions".[1] Prior to the introduction of the Tank Destruction Badge in March 1942, the General Assault Badge could be conferred for the single-handed destruction of tanks or armoured vehicles.[5]

Other determining factors for award:[1]

  • Ineligibility for the Infantry Assault Badge
  • Participation in three infantry or armored attacks on three different days; or
  • Participation in three infantry or armored indirect assaults on three different days.

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

General Assault Badge

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The General Assault Badge (Allgemeines Sturmabzeichen) was a military decoration of , instituted on 1 June 1940 by Walther von Brauchitsch, of the , to recognize non-infantry personnel for participation in infantry-style assaults. It was awarded to members of the Heer, , and from support units, such as engineers, artillery crews, anti-tank detachments, and anti-aircraft personnel, who were ineligible for the due to their branch assignments. Eligibility required active engagement in at least three separate on different days after 1 January 1940, conducted in the front line with handheld weapons under enemy fire, including breaking through enemy positions. encompassed , counter-attacks, , or , but multiple actions in a single day counted as one. Exceptions allowed award for a single if the recipient was wounded or decorated for bravery therein. The badge, produced in a single silver class from materials like or aluminum alloys, featured on its obverse a eagle grasping a above crossed and stick motifs, all within an oval oak leaf wreath; the reverse was plain with a pin back for attachment above the left breast pocket. While the standard version denoted three assaults, rarer variants existed for 25 or more engagements, reflecting sustained combat exposure among qualifying troops.

History

Institution and Early Use

The General Assault Badge (Allgemeines Sturmabzeichen) was instituted on 1 June 1940 through an ordinance issued by , Commander-in-Chief of the . This decoration addressed a gap in recognition for non- personnel—such as those from , pioneer, armored, or signals units—who actively supported assaults but were ineligible for the , which was restricted to motorized and non-motorized regiments. Eligibility required participation in at least three infantry or armored assaults on three distinct days, involving direct engagement in close combat, such as hand-to-hand fighting or storming fortified positions, with awards processed through unit commanders and verified by higher . The badge could be awarded to Heer (Army, , and personnel meeting these criteria, excluding those qualifying for more specialized combat awards like the . Early awards occurred primarily during and after the 1940 Western Campaign against and the , where support units faced intense close-quarters actions, as well as in subsequent Balkan operations in spring 1941. By mid-1941, with the onset of , distribution expanded rapidly among Eastern Front troops, reflecting the badge's role in motivating rear-echelon forces in attritional assaults. Initial production used (copper-zinc alloy) with silvered or bronzed finishes, emphasizing the award's distinction from higher-prestige decorations.

Evolution During the War

The award criteria for the General Assault Badge were refined in March 1942, when the previous allowance for crediting single-handed destruction of eight enemy tanks toward qualification was eliminated, following the establishment of a separate special badge for such feats. A major expansion occurred on 22 , when higher-grade variants were instituted to recognize personnel with prolonged exposure to operations, retroactively applicable from ; these included classes for 25, 50, 75, and 100 combat engagements, calculated either by direct participation or imputed credits for frontline service (such as 10 actions equivalent to eight months in designated combat zones). The new grades aimed to honor battle-hardened support troops amid escalating demands on the Eastern Front and elsewhere, where cumulative s exceeded the original three-action threshold for the standard badge. Eligibility was further clarified to encompass units alongside Heer support elements like engineers, artillery observers, and anti-tank crews, provided they met the infantry-style assault conditions without qualifying for the ; medical personnel and drivers could receive credit if directly engaged under fire during operations. Higher-grade badges featured distinct sizing (e.g., 58 mm × 48 mm for the 25- and 50-engagement versions) and finishes, such as silvered or gilded wreaths with blackened centers, often issued in numbered packaging to denote the specific class. These changes reflected adaptive responses to wartime attrition, prioritizing verifiable combat logs over initial rigid counts to sustain morale among non-infantry veterans.

Design and Production

Badge Appearance and Symbolism

The General Assault Badge features an oval-shaped design measuring approximately 57 mm in height and 42 mm in width, constructed from or with a silvered finish on the standard version. The obverse displays a eagle with down-swept wings clutching a in its talons, positioned above a mobile flanked by a crossed on the right and a stick hand grenade on the left; this central motif is encircled by an oval wreath composed of oak leaves and acorns, with raised edges and a pebbled background for texture. The reverse typically bears a stamped and a hinge, pin, and catch assembly for attachment to uniforms. Symbolically, the oak leaf wreath draws from longstanding German military tradition, representing strength, endurance, and valor, as seen in earlier awards like the where such elements denoted bravery in combat. The eagle embodies imperial vigilance and the authority of the German state, adapted from Prussian heraldry to signify protection and dominion over the Reich's territories. The swastikas align with National Socialist ideology, intended to evoke Aryan heritage and national unity, while the and directly reference the close-quarters assaults qualifying recipients, underscoring the badge's purpose in recognizing direct engagement in battle. Higher variants, such as those for 25 or more assaults, incorporated additional silver clasps but retained the core design to maintain visual continuity with the symbolism of repeated valorous action.

Manufacturers and Materials

The General Assault Badge was primarily manufactured using die-struck alloy as the base material, which was then silver-plated to provide a durable, metallic finish resistant to wear during conditions. This allowed for mass production while maintaining sufficient detail in the raised elements, such as the oak leaf wreath and central eagle clutching a . Wartime resource constraints led to variations, including examples in copper-coated , aluminum, or bases, reflecting shifts toward lower-quality substitutes as precious metals became scarce after 1942. Production was outsourced to multiple authorized German firms specializing in military insignia, each denoted by distinct reverse markings for identification and quality control. Key manufacturers included Karl Wurster, identifiable by a stylized "W" stamp; Alois Rettenmaier of , producing flat-back variants in fine ; Gustav Brehmer; Friedrich Orth (marked "F.O.") in ; and Rudolf Souval (marked "R.S."), also Vienna-based. Additional producers encompassed C.E. Juncker, known for detailed silvered pieces, and attributions to firms like Biedermann for specific designs. All badges featured a horizontal pin and catch assembly on the reverse for to uniforms, with early wartime examples exhibiting higher plating retention compared to later, economy-produced versions showing thinner coatings prone to flaking. The use of feinzink (fine zinc) in many instances ensured a balance between weight—typically around 25-30 grams—and structural integrity, though post-1943 shortages occasionally resulted in unmarked or simplified constructions from unidentified makers.

Award Criteria

Eligibility Requirements

The General Assault Badge was conferred upon members of non-infantry units within the (Heer), , and who actively participated in at least three assaults against enemy positions on three distinct days. These criteria mirrored those of the but applied to personnel ineligible for that decoration due to unit affiliation. Eligible recipients included combat support elements such as engineers (Pioniere), anti-tank (), anti-aircraft (Flak), and crews providing direct fire support during infantry or armored assaults, as well as signal and troops engaged in forward assault roles. Medical personnel qualified by treating or evacuating wounded under enemy fire in the assault zone. Pure or units typically received branch-specific badges like the Panzer Assault Badge instead. A qualifying assault required an offensive engagement leading to close-quarters combat or an attack on fortified positions, with the individual advancing under direct enemy fire while bearing arms. Indirect assaults, such as preparatory bombardments or support actions integral to the main assault, counted if occurring on separate days and involving exposure to conditions. Routine patrols, reconnaissance without contact, or defensive actions did not qualify. Alternative paths to eligibility included sustaining a during a verified or earning another decoration for actions within such an , bypassing the three-day threshold. Officers and non-commissioned officers were expected to demonstrate in the assault, while enlisted personnel needed only active participation. Awards were verified through unit commanders' reports and divisional approval, with no retrospective credit for pre-institution actions.

Qualification Process

To qualify for the General Assault Badge, eligible personnel—typically non-infantry or non-panzer troops such as engineers, artillerymen, or support units who engaged in direct assaults—were required to participate in at least three infantry or armored attacks on three separate days, with each assault involving close-quarters combat, hand-to-hand fighting, counter-attacks, or armed reconnaissance leading to enemy engagement. A wound sustained during a qualifying assault counted double toward the total, allowing soldiers to meet the threshold after two assaults (one resulting in injury) or, in cases of severe wounding verified by medical documentation, potentially accelerating eligibility. Verification relied on unit-level documentation, including after-action reports, eyewitness statements from comrades or officers, and entries in the soldier's Soldbuch (paybook) or medical logs for wounds. The immediate , usually at the company level, assessed and certified compliance based on these records, then forwarded a recommendation through the chain of command for approval, typically at or regimental to ensure consistency and prevent abuse. Approval authorities cross-checked against operational logs to confirm the assaults met the criteria of direct enemy contact, excluding mere positional warfare or indirect support roles. Upon approval, the badge was issued with a formal certificate (Urkunde), signed by the authorizing commander and detailing the qualifying actions, recipient's unit, and date of . Presentation ceremonies varied by unit but often occurred during briefings or stand-downs, with the badge pinned to the left pocket; no mandatory or was required, emphasizing empirical participation over administrative hurdles. This process mirrored that of branch-specific badges but extended eligibility to a broader range of troops ineligible for the due to their support roles. Delays in processing were common amid frontline chaos, sometimes resulting in retrospective awards after evacuation or rotation.

Variations

Standard Award

The standard General Assault Badge, the unnumbered variant, was awarded to , , and personnel ineligible for branch-specific assault badges such as the or Panzer Assault Badge. Qualification required participation in three separate infantry or armored assaults on different days, or one assault resulting in a combined with two additional days of duty under enemy fire, or three such duty days without an assault if supporting . This basic award featured an oval oak leaf wreath encircling a Wehrmacht-style eagle grasping a mobile , positioned above crossed and stick hand emblems, symbolizing direct combat engagement. Produced in silver-plated or , the badge measured about 5.7 cm in height and 2.5 cm in width, with a pinback attachment for uniform mounting. Distinguished from higher engagement variants by the absence of stamped numerals indicating multiples of 25 additional assaults, the standard badge represented initial recognition for general assault troops, with over 625,000 issued during the war. Manufacturers included Wilhelm Ernst Peekhaus of , who designed the motif, alongside firms like Assmann and Deumer, employing die-struck techniques for mass production amid wartime material shortages.

Higher Engagement Variants

The higher engagement variants of the General Assault Badge were special iterations awarded to personnel who had participated in an exceptionally large number of qualifying assaults, far exceeding the standard requirement of three. These variants featured embossed or applied numerals on the badge's , denoting totals such as 25, 50, or even 100 engagements, to honor sustained frontline service amid heavy attrition, particularly on the Eastern Front from onward. Unlike the standard badge, these were not formally instituted by a single decree but emerged as manufacturer-specific recognitions verified through unit records and command endorsements, with awards requiring documentation of each assault's date, location, and combat role. The 25-engagement variant, often produced in zinc with a silvered finish, represented a milestone for soldiers enduring multiple campaigns, such as those in defensive battles during the Soviet counteroffensives of 1943–1944; known examples include those by makers like R.K. (Richard König), retaining detailed eagle and motifs with minimal wear on preserved specimens. Progression to the 50-engagement level demanded verification of twice that intensity, typically awarded to non-commissioned officers or enlisted men in depleted divisions, with construction in two-piece assemblies by firms such as Josef Feix & Söhne (marked JFS) of Gablonz; these badges commanded prices reflecting their scarcity, with realizations exceeding $3,000 USD for authenticated pieces. The rarest, the 100-engagement variant, symbolized near-unprecedented survival and combat exposure, limited to a minuscule number of recipients—likely fewer than a dozen verified—produced in high-relief and documented in collector auctions as premier rarities without widespread official distribution. These variants underscored the Wehrmacht's adaptation of awards to sustain morale among troops facing escalating casualties, with numerals serving as both tally and of endurance; however, their unofficial status led to inconsistencies in design and authentication, reliant on period photos and surviving documents rather than standardized criteria. , they have fueled among historians and collectors over legitimacy, with fakes proliferating due to the originals' and limited production runs. No comprehensive recipient lists exist, but fragmentary records indicate awards clustered in Center units during Operation Bagration's aftermath in 1944.

Recipients and Impact

Notable Awardees

The General Assault Badge was awarded to numerous German soldiers across various branches for sustained participation in infantry assaults, with notable recipients including highly decorated non-commissioned officers and senior commanders. Hauptfeldwebel Josef Niemietz of the Heer, a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the for leadership in capturing a Soviet village during in 1941, also earned the General Assault Badge in the first grade for his involvement in multiple combat engagements on the Eastern Front. SS-Gruppenführer , commander of the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich, received the standard General Assault Badge without numeral for his role in supporting operations, particularly during the division's advances in and the between 1940 and 1944. His award reflects the badge's extension to personnel who met the criteria of direct assault participation or close support. Recipients of higher-grade variants, such as the 50- or 75-assault badges, were often or officers who accumulated exceptional numbers of engagements, though specific names remain less documented in due to the award's focus on frontline support rather than individual heroism. These higher awards, instituted in June 1942, underscored the badge's role in recognizing prolonged exposure to combat, with estimates suggesting fewer than 100 such distinctions were conferred.

Role in Morale and Recognition

The General Assault Badge served primarily as a form of recognition for non-infantry personnel, including engineers, crews, and anti-tank units, who participated in at least three infantry-style assaults on enemy positions. Instituted on June 1, 1940, by Walther von , it addressed a gap in the Wehrmacht's award system, where support troops ineligible for the could still demonstrate valor in close-quarters combat operations. This recognition was crucial for acknowledging the risks borne by these units, which often operated in forward positions under heavy fire alongside . By providing a visible insignia worn on the uniform, the badge symbolized proven combat effectiveness and fostered a sense of shared sacrifice across diverse branches, helping to mitigate potential resentment among support personnel who felt overshadowed by frontline infantry awards. Its bronze finish and eagle motif with swastika emphasized martial prowess, reinforcing the recipient's status within the military hierarchy. As assaults intensified on multiple fronts, the badge's escalating grades—introduced from July 1, 1943, for 25, 50, 75, and 100 engagements—served to incentivize repeated exposure to danger, thereby sustaining operational tempo. In the broader context of motivation, such decorations contributed to morale by offering concrete validation of service amid high attrition rates, with over 625,000 basic awards estimated by war's end. This system paralleled efforts to maintain cohesion in a multi-branch force facing prolonged attrition, though its efficacy waned as defeats mounted and material shortages affected production.

Post-War Status

Following the defeat of in 1945, all Third Reich-era military awards, including the General Assault Badge, were subject to initial prohibitions under Allied occupation policies aimed at , which sought to eradicate Nazi symbols and ideology from public life and military tradition. In , this extended to a comprehensive ban on production, sale, inventory, and public display of such decorations until selective reauthorizations in the 1950s. On July 26, 1957, the West German government permitted qualifying veterans to wear modified, "de-nazified" versions of certain combat awards, including the General Assault Badge, on uniforms, with alterations such as removal or replacement of the eagle device to excise . These 1957-pattern badges, often produced in silvered bronze without prohibited symbols, served as honorary recognitions for frontline service, reflecting a pragmatic reintegration of veterans into the new armed forces amid tensions, though strictly limited to non-ideological combat merits. , under Soviet influence, maintained outright rejection of honors, framing them as fascist relics incompatible with socialist reconstruction. Under current German law, private possession of original General Assault Badges remains permissible, as ownership of historical militaria does not inherently violate statutes unless involving active dissemination or commercial trade that promotes unconstitutional organizations. However, public display, wearing, or commercial distribution is restricted by Section 86a of the (), which prohibits symbols of Nazi organizations, with penalties up to three years imprisonment; exceptions apply for scientific, artistic, or educational contexts, such as exhibits. The badge's eagle, while not bearing a , falls under scrutiny as a potential unconstitutional , leading collectors to obscure or modify it for compliance. Similar restrictions exist in and , where import and public handling of such items are often barred, contrasting with more permissive regimes in the United States, where they are treated as historical artifacts without federal bans on or trade. Culturally, the General Assault Badge is perceived in militaria circles as a tangible emblem of infantry engagements, valued for its historical specificity to non-elite assault roles rather than overt ideological endorsement, with originals commanding prices from €190 to over €8,000 based on manufacturer and condition. Among historians and collectors, it evokes the brutal mechanized warfare of 1940–1945 without the SS's genocidal connotations, fostering debates on preserving martial heritage versus avoiding glorification. In broader German society, however, it remains stigmatized as a product of the Nazi , with public discourse emphasizing victimhood and collective guilt over soldierly valor, amplified by institutional biases toward framing all Axis efforts as inherently criminal. This tension manifests in auctions and forums where ethical qualms deter some participants, yet demand persists among those prioritizing empirical over moral narratives.

Modern Collecting and Reproductions

The General Assault Badge attracts significant interest from militaria collectors, valued for its representation of combat engagements and relative accessibility compared to rarer decorations. Original specimens, especially early or variants from manufacturers like E.F. Wiedmann or A. Rettenmaier, typically sell at auctions for €190 to €350 in good condition, with higher-grade or numbered special awards fetching up to $7,450 or more depending on rarity and . Reproductions of the badge are produced and marketed for reenactment, display, and educational purposes by specialty firms, often using die-struck methods to replicate wartime construction at costs ranging from $16.99 for basic models to higher for detailed sets. These items, such as those offered by Hessen Antique or Epic Militaria, feature original-style pins and finishes but are distinguished by lacking authentic , wartime compositions, or period-specific markings. Counterfeit originals proliferate in the market, including post-war forgeries from the by producers like Cave Creek and low-quality casts mimicking designs from makers such as Juncker, often identifiable by lead-like materials, imprecise detailing, or absence of natural wear. Collectors rely on expert vetting, including magnification for tooling marks and weight assessments, as the influx of fakes—particularly from Eastern European sources—has eroded trust in unverified online sales.

References

  1. https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C146686
  2. https://www.gettysburgmuseumofhistory.com/gettysburg-battle/world-war-ii-militaria/original-wwii-german-general-assault-badge-certified-by-the-gettysburg-museum-of-history/
  3. https://www.militarytour.com/german-wwii-general-assault-badge-hollow-back-allgemeines-sturmabzeichen.html
  4. https://www.identifymedals.com/database/medals-by-country/germany-medals/the-general-assault-badge/
  5. https://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/Orden/asa.html
  6. https://www.ehrenzeichen-orden.de/zweiter-weltkrieg/allgemeines-sturmabzeichen.html
  7. https://www.tracesofwar.com/awards/96/Allgemeines-Sturmabzeichen.htm
  8. https://www.wehrmacht-awards.com/war_badges/heer/general_assault.htm
  9. https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30078859
  10. https://www.germandaggers.com/Gallery/3CA.php
  11. https://epicartifacts.com/product/general-assault-badge-otto-schickle/
  12. https://www.identifymedals.com/article/symbolism-design-of-nazi-medals/
  13. https://epicartifacts.com/product/wurster-general-assault-badge/
  14. https://epicartifacts.com/product/general-assault-badge/
  15. https://www.team-militaria.de/Allgemeines-Sturmabzeichen-%28Flatback%29-TOP-CONDITION
  16. https://spessart-militaria.de/produkt/allgemeines-sturmabzeichen-in-silber-gustav-brehmer/
  17. https://www.kpemig.de/Allgemeines-Sturmabzeichen-mit-Einsatzzahl-25-Zink-der-Kranz-versilbert-Hersteller-CE-Juncker
  18. https://www.militaria-fundforum.de/forum/index.php?thread/1001054-allgemeines-sturmabzeichen-hersteller/
  19. https://www.ma-shops.fr/fenzl/item.php?id=117781
  20. http://www.panzerdivision.org/AWARDS.HTM
  21. https://epicartifacts.com/product/allgemeines-sturmabzeichen-in-tombak-otto-schickle/
  22. http://electronicsandbooks.com/edt/manual/Publischer/G/German%2520Miltary%2520WW2/Wehrmacht%2520War%2520And%2520Qualification%2520Badges%2520c20060414%2520%5B561%5D.pdf
  23. https://www.tracesofwar.com/awards/5854/Infanterie-Sturmabzeichen-in-Silber.htm
  24. https://militariaplaza.nl/award-documents/general-assault-badge-award-document-detail
  25. https://ww2depot.com/reference/medals-badges/general-assault-badge/
  26. https://militariaplaza.nl/awards-medals/allgemeines-sturmabzeichen-5-detail
  27. https://adlermilitaria.com/product/wwii-german-wehrmacht-waffen-ss-general-assault-badge-allgemeines-sturmabzeichen-assmann-mould-4-mint-original/
  28. https://live.treasuretroveauctions.com/online-auctions/treasure-trove/german-ww2-incredibly-rare-general-assault-badge---100-engagements-variant-7722699
  29. https://www.warrelics.eu/forum/allgemeines-sturmabzeichen-forum/allgemeine-sturmabzeichen-50-engagement-maker-opinions-160941/
  30. https://empirespast.com/product/25-engagement-general-assault-badge-rk/
  31. https://www.emedals.com/collections/europe-germany-third-reich-army-badges-general-assault-badge
  32. https://www.warrelics.eu/forum/allgemeines-sturmabzeichen-forum/allgemeines-sturmabzeichen-mit-einsatzzahl-50-a-841892/
  33. https://www.reddit.com/r/GermanMilitaria/comments/1mctfm9/opinions_on_this_general_assault_badge_25/
  34. https://www.armedconflicts.com/Niemietz-Josef-t280616
  35. https://www.tracesofwar.com/persons/39983/Niemietz-Josef.htm
  36. https://www.tracesofwar.com/persons/13309/Lammerding-Heinz-Heinrich-DiplIng-Waffen-SS.htm
  37. https://www.tracesofwar.com/awards/1460/Allgemeines-Sturmabzeichen-ohne-zahlen-IStufe.htm
  38. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945Berlinv01/d347
  39. http://coldwardecoded.blogspot.com/2013/07/at-end-of-second-world-war-allied.html
  40. https://hessenantique.com/german/wwii-german-militaria/awards-and-decorations/assault-badges/
  41. https://www.emedals.com/products/germany-federal-republic-a-general-assault-badge-1957-version-m0076-15
  42. https://www.quora.com/Were-German-soldiers-allowed-to-keep-their-ranks-and-medals-after-WW2-and-did-this-vary-between-West-and-East-Germany
  43. https://www.warrelics.eu/forum/discussions/third-reich-item-sales-germany-legal-illegal-737344/
  44. https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-confusing-rules-on-swastikas-and-nazi-symbols/a-45063547
  45. https://www.dw.com/en/the-right-approach-to-nazi-memorabilia/a-17573542
  46. https://www.ima-usa.com/products/original-german-wwii-silver-grade-general-assault-badge-allgemeines-sturmabzeichen
  47. https://www.generalassaultmilitaria.com/product-category/badges/heer/general-assault-badge/
  48. https://relicrecord.com/blog/okay-buy-sell-trade-collect-nazi-military-artifacts/
  49. https://theins.ru/en/opinion/oleg-plenkov/249959
  50. https://www.reddit.com/r/Militariacollecting/comments/15ebc2w/general_assault_militaria/
  51. https://epicartifacts.com/product-category/german/awards-medals-badges/combat-qualification-badges/heer-ss-combat-badges/general-assault-badges/
  52. https://www.epicmilitaria.com/ww2-german-infantry-assault-badge-bronze.html
  53. https://forum.germandaggers.com/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=364602
  54. https://www.warrelics.eu/forum/allgemeines-sturmabzeichen-forum/allgemeines-sturmabzeichen-general-assault-badge-fake-not-665947/
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