The keffiyeh (Arabic: كُوفِيَّة, romanized: Kūfīyah), also regionally known as a hattah (حَطَّة, ḥaṭṭa), ghutrah (غترة), or shemagh (شماغ), is a traditional headdress worn by men from parts of the Middle East. It is fashioned from a square scarf, and is usually made of cotton. The keffiyeh is commonly found in arid regions, as it protects from sunburn, dust, and sand. A head cord, agal, is often used by Arabs to keep the keffiyeh in place.

The word keffiyeh appeared in Arabic after the Crusades, and probably shares a European etymology with English "coif". Some argue that it was imported indirectly through Arabic: الكفة, "cuff".

Murtada al-Zabidi derives keffiyeh from Arabic: الكهف, "cave", due to the rounded shape of the headscarf. A folk etymology associates it with the city of Kufa, Iraq.

The word ghutrah (Arabic: غُترَة, romanized: ḡutra) comes from the Arabic root ghatr (غتر) which means "to cover". The early pictures of Arabs invariably show them wearing turbans, and it is unclear when the keffiyeh became acceptable for the upper classes. While the written reports of ghutrah date back to the early 18th century, the earliest known picture is from the 19th century (Abdullah bin Saud Al Saud, made before his execution in 1819).

Headscarves evolved among Bedouins as a practical protection from the sun.

Middle Eastern Arabs, Kurds, and Yazidis wear this headpiece. According to Anastas al-Karmali, Johannes Cotovicus mentioned a 16th-century Jewish keffiyeh. Historically, after contact with Arabs, some Kurds abandoned their traditional turban in favor of the keffiyeh and agal. Iraqi Turkmen wear it and call it Jamadani, while Omanis call it a mussar. No matter its name, it is available in multiple colours and styles with many different methods of tying it, depending on regional origin and the nature of occasion. Omanis do not use the agal, instead tying it over the kuma for formal occasions.

During his sojourn with the Marsh Arabs of Iraq, Gavin Young noted that the local sayyids—"venerated men accepted [...] as descendants of the Prophet Muhammad and Ali ibn Abi Talib"—wore dark green keffiyeh in contrast to the black-and-white checkered examples typical of the area's inhabitants.

Another type of keffiyeh is the shemagh, which is a scarf that is red-and-white, checkered and has tassels. The bigger the tassels, the more important the person. This red-and-white keffiyeh is associated with Jordan and is its national symbol. The shemagh is worn mostly in Jordan and by Bedouin communities. It is made from cotton. The Jordanian shemagh and the Palestinian keffiyeh are different in regard to color and geographical meanings.