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Gloria Hemingway
Gloria Hemingway (born Gregory Hancock Hemingway, November 12, 1931 – October 1, 2001) was an American physician and writer who was the third and youngest child of author Ernest Hemingway. Although she was assigned male at birth and lived most of her life publicly as a man, she struggled with her gender identity from a young age. In her 60s, she underwent gender transition surgery, and preferred the name Gloria when possible.
A good athlete and a crack shot, she trained as a professional hunter in Africa, but her alcoholism prevented her from gaining a license, and later led to the loss of her medical license in the United States. Hemingway maintained a long-running feud with her father, stemming from a 1951 incident when her arrest for entering a women's bathroom in a Los Angeles movie theater dressed in women's clothing caused an argument between Ernest and Pauline Pfeiffer, Gloria's mother. Pfeiffer died from a stress-related condition the following day, which Ernest blamed on Gloria.
In 1976, she authored a bestselling memoir of her father, Papa: A Personal Memoir, which was seen by some to reflect troubles of her own. These included wearing women's clothes, which she ascribed to gender dysphoria.
Born in Kansas City, Missouri, to novelist Ernest Hemingway and his second wife Pauline Pfeiffer, she was called 'Gigi' or 'Gig' in childhood and was, according to a close observer, "a tremendous athlete" and a "crack shot". As an adult, she preferred the name 'Greg'. At the age of 12, she was wearing her stepmother Martha Gellhorn's stockings almost daily. Ernest caught her wearing them, and had an outburst of anger that left an impression on her for decades. However, a few days later he said to her, "Gigi, we come from a strange tribe, you and I." Hemingway attended the Canterbury School, a Catholic prep school in Connecticut, graduating in 1949. She dropped out of St. John's College, Annapolis, after one year and worked for a time as an aircraft mechanic before moving to California in 1951.
In April 1951, Hemingway married Jane Rhodes. The two had not known each other long, and Rhodes was pregnant. Ernest objected to 19-year-old Hemingway marrying, because of her financial and mental instability. The same year, Hemingway met with L. Ron Hubbard and was quite taken by Scientology.
In September 1951, Hemingway was arrested for entering a women's bathroom in a Los Angeles movie theater dressed in women's clothing. Her mother, Pauline Pfeiffer, immediately flew out to see her, and took efforts to prevent media picking up the story. Pfeiffer called Ernest in Havana, and the two parents argued, with Hemingway recounting later that Ernest blamed Pauline for Hemingway's nature. According to Hemingway biographer Michael Reynolds the "conversation degenerated into accusations, blame-laying, vituperation, and general misunderstanding." Pfeiffer died of hypertension around 4am the following morning, and both Hemingways would blame the other for her death. During the autopsy it was discovered she suffered from a rare tumor that "secretes abnormal amounts of adrenaline causing extremely high blood pressure." Ernest blamed Hemingway for Pauline's death, and she was deeply disturbed by the accusation. It would be years before she and Ernest spoke to each other again, and their relationship would be tense for the rest of Ernest's life.
Another result was that Hemingway inherited a significant amount of money, which she used in part to retreat to Africa, where she drank alcohol and shot elephants. She spent the next three years in Africa as an apprentice professional hunter but failed to obtain a license because of her drinking. She joined the United States Army as a private in October 1956 and served briefly. She was stationed at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. She was soon institutionalized for bipolar disorder, and received several dozen treatments with electroconvulsive therapy. Of another period shooting elephants she wrote: "I went back to Africa to do more killing. Somehow it was therapeutic." Not until nearly a decade later, in 1960, did she feel strong enough to resume her medical studies and respond to her father's charges. She wrote her father a bitter letter, detailing the medical facts of her mother's death and blaming Ernest for the tragedy. The next year, Ernest killed himself, and again Hemingway wrestled with guilt over the death of a parent.
She obtained a medical degree from the University of Miami Medical School in 1964.
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Gloria Hemingway
Gloria Hemingway (born Gregory Hancock Hemingway, November 12, 1931 – October 1, 2001) was an American physician and writer who was the third and youngest child of author Ernest Hemingway. Although she was assigned male at birth and lived most of her life publicly as a man, she struggled with her gender identity from a young age. In her 60s, she underwent gender transition surgery, and preferred the name Gloria when possible.
A good athlete and a crack shot, she trained as a professional hunter in Africa, but her alcoholism prevented her from gaining a license, and later led to the loss of her medical license in the United States. Hemingway maintained a long-running feud with her father, stemming from a 1951 incident when her arrest for entering a women's bathroom in a Los Angeles movie theater dressed in women's clothing caused an argument between Ernest and Pauline Pfeiffer, Gloria's mother. Pfeiffer died from a stress-related condition the following day, which Ernest blamed on Gloria.
In 1976, she authored a bestselling memoir of her father, Papa: A Personal Memoir, which was seen by some to reflect troubles of her own. These included wearing women's clothes, which she ascribed to gender dysphoria.
Born in Kansas City, Missouri, to novelist Ernest Hemingway and his second wife Pauline Pfeiffer, she was called 'Gigi' or 'Gig' in childhood and was, according to a close observer, "a tremendous athlete" and a "crack shot". As an adult, she preferred the name 'Greg'. At the age of 12, she was wearing her stepmother Martha Gellhorn's stockings almost daily. Ernest caught her wearing them, and had an outburst of anger that left an impression on her for decades. However, a few days later he said to her, "Gigi, we come from a strange tribe, you and I." Hemingway attended the Canterbury School, a Catholic prep school in Connecticut, graduating in 1949. She dropped out of St. John's College, Annapolis, after one year and worked for a time as an aircraft mechanic before moving to California in 1951.
In April 1951, Hemingway married Jane Rhodes. The two had not known each other long, and Rhodes was pregnant. Ernest objected to 19-year-old Hemingway marrying, because of her financial and mental instability. The same year, Hemingway met with L. Ron Hubbard and was quite taken by Scientology.
In September 1951, Hemingway was arrested for entering a women's bathroom in a Los Angeles movie theater dressed in women's clothing. Her mother, Pauline Pfeiffer, immediately flew out to see her, and took efforts to prevent media picking up the story. Pfeiffer called Ernest in Havana, and the two parents argued, with Hemingway recounting later that Ernest blamed Pauline for Hemingway's nature. According to Hemingway biographer Michael Reynolds the "conversation degenerated into accusations, blame-laying, vituperation, and general misunderstanding." Pfeiffer died of hypertension around 4am the following morning, and both Hemingways would blame the other for her death. During the autopsy it was discovered she suffered from a rare tumor that "secretes abnormal amounts of adrenaline causing extremely high blood pressure." Ernest blamed Hemingway for Pauline's death, and she was deeply disturbed by the accusation. It would be years before she and Ernest spoke to each other again, and their relationship would be tense for the rest of Ernest's life.
Another result was that Hemingway inherited a significant amount of money, which she used in part to retreat to Africa, where she drank alcohol and shot elephants. She spent the next three years in Africa as an apprentice professional hunter but failed to obtain a license because of her drinking. She joined the United States Army as a private in October 1956 and served briefly. She was stationed at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. She was soon institutionalized for bipolar disorder, and received several dozen treatments with electroconvulsive therapy. Of another period shooting elephants she wrote: "I went back to Africa to do more killing. Somehow it was therapeutic." Not until nearly a decade later, in 1960, did she feel strong enough to resume her medical studies and respond to her father's charges. She wrote her father a bitter letter, detailing the medical facts of her mother's death and blaming Ernest for the tragedy. The next year, Ernest killed himself, and again Hemingway wrestled with guilt over the death of a parent.
She obtained a medical degree from the University of Miami Medical School in 1964.
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