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List of governors of Arizona
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List of governors of Arizona
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Governor of Arizona
Seal of Arizona
Flag of Arizona
= Current Arizona Governor Katie Hobbs
Incumbent
Katie Hobbs
since January 2, 2023
Government of Arizona
StyleThe Honorable
Status
ResidenceNo official residence
Term lengthFour years, renewable once consecutively[1]
Constituting instrumentArizona Constitution, article V[2]
Inaugural holderGeorge W. P. Hunt
FormationFebruary 14, 1912
SuccessionLine of succession
DeputyNone (until 2027)
Lieutenant Governor (expected from 2027) [3]
Salary$95,000 (2022)[4]
Websiteazgovernor.gov

The governor of Arizona is the head of government of the U.S. state of Arizona.[5] As the top elected official, the governor is the head of the executive branch of the Arizona state government and is charged with faithfully executing state laws.[5] The governor has the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Arizona State Legislature;[6] to convene the legislature;[5] and to grant pardons,[7] with the exception of cases of impeachment. The governor is also the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.[8] Arizona is one of the few states that currently does not have a governor's mansion or other official residence.

Twenty-four people have served as governor over 28 distinct terms. All of the repeat governors were in the state's earliest years, when George W. P. Hunt and Thomas Edward Campbell alternated as governor for 17 years and, after a two-year gap, Hunt served another term. One governor, Evan Mecham, was impeached by the Arizona House of Representatives and subsequently removed from office following his conviction in the Arizona Senate. Another, Fife Symington, resigned upon being convicted of a felony. The longest-serving governor was Hunt, who was elected seven times and served just under fourteen years. The longest single stint was that of Bruce Babbitt, who was elected to two four-year terms after succeeding to the office following the death of his predecessor, Wesley Bolin, serving nearly nine years total. Bolin had the shortest tenure, dying less than five months after succeeding as governor. Arizona has had five female governors, the most in the United States, and was the first—and until 2019 (when Michelle Lujan Grisham succeeded Susana Martinez in neighboring New Mexico) the only—state where female governors served consecutively.

The current governor as of January 2, 2023, is Democrat Katie Hobbs.

List of governors

[edit]

Confederate Arizona

[edit]
Main article: Confederate Arizona

In Tucson between April 2 and April 5, 1860, a convention of settlers from the southern half of New Mexico Territory drafted a provisional constitution for "Arizona Territory", three years before the United States would create such a territory. This proposed territory consisted of the part of New Mexico Territory south of 33° 40' north. On April 2,[9] they elected a governor, Lewis S. Owings. The provisional territory was to exist until such time as an official territory was created, but that proposal was rejected by Congress at the time.[10]

On March 16, 1861, soon before the American Civil War broke out, a convention in Mesilla voted that the provisional territory should secede from the Union and join the Confederacy.[11] Lewis S. Owings remained on as the provisional governor of the territory.

The Confederacy took ownership of the territory on August 1, 1861, when forces led by Lieutenant Colonel John R. Baylor won decisive control of the territory, and Baylor proclaimed himself governor.[12] Arizona Territory was formally organized in the Confederacy on January 18, 1862.[13] On March 20, 1862, Baylor issued an order to kill all the adult Apache and take their children into slavery.[12] When Confederate President Jefferson Davis learned of this order, he strongly disapproved and demanded an explanation. Baylor wrote a letter December 29, 1862, to justify his decision, and after this was received, Davis relieved Baylor of his post and commission, calling his letter an "avowal of an infamous crime". By that time, the Confederate government of Arizona Territory was in exile in San Antonio, Texas, as the territory had been effectively lost to Union forces in July 1862;[14] no new governor was appointed.

Territory of Arizona

[edit]

Arizona Territory was formed on February 24, 1863, from New Mexico Territory, remaining a territory for 49 years.[15]

Governors of the Territory of Arizona
No. Governor Term in office[a] Appointing President
— John A. Gurley
(1813–1863) 		March 10, 1863
–
August 19, 1863
(died before taking office)[b] 		Abraham Lincoln
1 John Noble Goodwin
(1824–1887)
[20] 		August 21, 1863[c]
–
April 10, 1866
(resigned)[d] 		Abraham Lincoln
2 Richard Cunningham McCormick
(1832–1901)
[27] 		April 10, 1866[e]
–
March 4, 1869
(resigned)[f] 		Andrew Johnson
3 Anson P. K. Safford
(1830–1891)
[35] 		April 8, 1869[g]
–
April 5, 1877
(term expired)[h] 		Ulysses S. Grant
4 John Philo Hoyt
(1841–1926)
[41] 		April 5, 1877[i]
–
June 14, 1878
(resigned)[j] 		Rutherford B. Hayes
5 John C. Frémont
(1813–1890)
[46] 		June 14, 1878[k]
–
October 11, 1881
(resigned)[l] 		Rutherford B. Hayes
6 Frederick Augustus Tritle
(1833–1906)
[51] 		February 6, 1882[m]
–
October 7, 1885
(resigned)[n] 		Chester A. Arthur
7 C. Meyer Zulick
(1839–1926)
[57] 		October 15, 1885[o]
–
March 28, 1889
(successor appointed) 		Grover Cleveland
8 Lewis Wolfley
(1839–1910)
[63] 		March 28, 1889[p]
–
August 20, 1890
(resigned)[q] 		Benjamin Harrison
9 John N. Irwin
(1844–1905)
[70] 		October 1, 1890[r]
–
April 19, 1892
(resigned)[s] 		Benjamin Harrison
10 Oakes Murphy
(1849–1908)
[76] 		May 9, 1892[t]
–
April 13, 1893
(successor appointed)[u] 		Benjamin Harrison
11 L. C. Hughes
(1842–1915)
[81] 		April 8, 1893[v]
–
April 1, 1896
(successor appointed)[w] 		Grover Cleveland
12 Benjamin Joseph Franklin
(1839–1898)
[86] 		April 8, 1896[x]
–
July 22, 1897
(resigned)[y] 		Grover Cleveland
13 Myron H. McCord
(1840–1908)
[92] 		July 17, 1897[z]
–
August 1, 1898
(resigned)[aa] 		William McKinley
14 Oakes Murphy
(1849–1908)
[76] 		July 16, 1898[ab]
–
July 1, 1902
(resigned)[ac] 		William McKinley
15 Alexander Oswald Brodie
(1849–1918)
[106] 		May 14, 1902[ad]
–
February 14, 1905
(resigned)[ae] 		Theodore Roosevelt
16 Joseph Henry Kibbey
(1853–1924)
[112] 		February 27, 1905[af]
–
April 15, 1909
(successor appointed) 		Theodore Roosevelt
17 Richard Elihu Sloan
(1857–1933)
[118] 		April 15, 1909[ag]
–
February 14, 1912
(statehood) 		William Howard Taft

State of Arizona

[edit]

The state of Arizona was admitted to the Union on February 14, 1912, the last of the contiguous states to be admitted.

The state constitution of 1912 called for the election of a governor every two years.[124] The term was increased to four years by a 1968 amendment.[125][126] The constitution originally included no term limit,[127] but an amendment passed in 1992 allows governors to succeed themselves only once;[124] before this, four governors were elected more than twice in a row. Gubernatorial terms begin on the first Monday in the January following the election.[124] Governors who have served the two term limit can run again after four years out of office.

Arizona is one of the few states which does not have a lieutenant governor. Instead, in the event of a vacancy in the office of governor, the secretary of state, if elected, succeeds to the office. If the secretary of state was appointed rather than elected, or is otherwise ineligible to hold the office of governor, the next elected and eligible person in the line of succession assumes the office. The state constitution specifies the line of succession to be the Secretary of State, Attorney General, State Treasurer and Superintendent of Public Instruction, in that order.[128] If the governor is out of the state or impeached, the next elected officer in the line of succession becomes acting governor until the governor returns or is cleared.[128] In either case, any partial term counts toward the limit of two consecutive terms.

The line of succession has reached beyond the secretary of state only once, when Attorney General Bruce Babbitt became governor upon the death of Wesley Bolin. Rose Mofford had been appointed secretary of state to replace Bolin after Bolin succeeded to the governorship. Bolin had become governor when Raúl Héctor Castro resigned to accept appointment as ambassador to Argentina. Mofford later became acting governor after Evan Mecham was impeached by the House of Representatives, and succeeded to the governorship when Mecham was removed from office after his conviction by the Senate.

Starting with the 2026 election cycle, Arizona will have a lieutenant governor, pursuant to a 2022 amendment to the constitution.[129] Nominees will be chosen by each party's gubernatorial nominee, with the governor and lieutenant governor then chosen by general election voters on a joint ticket.[129] If the offices of governor and the lieutenant governor become vacant at the same time, the amended law provisions of the state constitution are that the secretary of state, attorney general, state treasurer or the superintendent of public instruction will assume the office of governor and then appoint the lieutenant governor pending state legislative approval.[130]

Governors of the State of Arizona
No.[ah] Governor Term in office Party Election
1   George W. P. Hunt
(1859–1934)
[132][133] 		February 14, 1912[134]
–
January 1, 1917
(lost election)[ai] 		Democratic[135] 1911
1914
2 Thomas Edward Campbell
(1878–1944)
[136] 		January 1, 1917[137]
–
December 25, 1917
(removed from office) 		Republican[135] 1916[ai]
1 George W. P. Hunt
(1859–1934)
[132][133] 		December 25, 1917[141]
–
January 6, 1919
(did not run) 		Democratic[135]
2 Thomas Edward Campbell
(1878–1944)
[136] 		January 6, 1919[142]
–
January 1, 1923
(lost election) 		Republican[135] 1918
1920
1 George W. P. Hunt
(1859–1934)
[132][133] 		January 1, 1923[143]
–
January 7, 1929
(lost election) 		Democratic[135] 1922
1924
1926
3 John Calhoun Phillips
(1870–1943)
[144][145] 		January 7, 1929[146]
–
January 5, 1931
(lost election) 		Republican[135] 1928
1 George W. P. Hunt
(1859–1934)
[132][133] 		January 5, 1931[147]
–
January 2, 1933
(lost nomination)[148] 		Democratic[135] 1930
4 Benjamin Baker Moeur
(1869–1937)
[149][150] 		January 2, 1933[151]
–
January 4, 1937
(lost nomination)[149] 		Democratic[135] 1932
1934
5 Rawghlie Clement Stanford
(1879–1963)
[152][153] 		January 4, 1937[154]
–
January 2, 1939
(did not run) 		Democratic[135] 1936
6 Robert Taylor Jones
(1884–1958)
[155][156] 		January 2, 1939[157]
–
January 6, 1941
(lost nomination)[158] 		Democratic[135] 1938
7 Sidney Preston Osborn
(1884–1948)
[159][160] 		January 6, 1941[161]
–
May 25, 1948
(died in office) 		Democratic[135] 1940
1942
1944
1946
8 Dan Edward Garvey
(1886–1974)
[162][163] 		May 25, 1948[164]
–
January 1, 1951
(lost nomination)[aj] 		Democratic[135] Succeeded from
secretary of state
1948
9 John Howard Pyle
(1906–1987)
[166][167] 		January 1, 1951[168]
–
January 3, 1955
(lost election) 		Republican[135] 1950
1952
10 Ernest McFarland
(1894–1984)
[169][170] 		January 3, 1955[171]
–
January 5, 1959
(did not run) 		Democratic[135] 1954
1956
11 Paul Fannin
(1907–2002)
[172][173] 		January 5, 1959[174]
–
January 4, 1965
(did not run) 		Republican[135] 1958
1960
1962
12 Samuel Pearson Goddard Jr.
(1919–2006)
[175][176] 		January 4, 1965[177]
–
January 2, 1967
(lost election) 		Democratic[135] 1964
13 Jack Williams
(1909–1998)
[178][179] 		January 2, 1967[180]
–
January 6, 1975
(did not run)[ak] 		Republican[135] 1966
1968
1970[al]
14 Raúl Héctor Castro
(1916–2015)
[182][183] 		January 6, 1975[184]
–
October 20, 1977
(resigned)[am] 		Democratic[135] 1974
15 Wesley Bolin
(1909–1978)
[185][186] 		October 20, 1977[187]
–
March 4, 1978
(died in office) 		Democratic[186] Succeeded from
secretary of state
16 Bruce Babbitt
(b. 1938)
[188] 		March 4, 1978[189]
–
January 5, 1987
(did not run) 		Democratic[188] Succeeded from
attorney general[an]
1978
1982
17 Evan Mecham
(1924–2008)
[190] 		January 5, 1987[191]
–
April 4, 1988
(impeached and removed)[ao] 		Republican[190] 1986
18 Rose Mofford
(1922–2016)
[193] 		April 4, 1988[194]
–
March 6, 1991
(did not run) 		Democratic[193] Succeeded from
secretary of state
19 Fife Symington
(b. 1945)
[195] 		March 6, 1991[196]
–
September 5, 1997
(resigned)[ap] 		Republican[195] 1990–1991[aq]
1994
20 Jane Dee Hull
(1935–2020)
[199] 		September 5, 1997[200]
–
January 6, 2003
(term-limited)[ar] 		Republican[199] Succeeded from
secretary of state
1998
21 Janet Napolitano
(b. 1957)
[202] 		January 6, 2003[203]
–
January 20, 2009
(resigned)[as] 		Democratic[202] 2002
2006
22 Jan Brewer
(b. 1944)
[204] 		January 20, 2009[205]
–
January 5, 2015
(did not run)[at] 		Republican[204] Succeeded from
secretary of state
2010
23 Doug Ducey
(b. 1964)
[207] 		January 5, 2015[208]
–
January 2, 2023
(term-limited)[ar] 		Republican[207] 2014
2018
24 Katie Hobbs
(b. 1969)
[209] 		January 2, 2023[210]
–
Incumbent[au] 		Democratic[209] 2022

Timeline

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

List of governors of Arizona

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The list of governors of Arizona comprises the chief executives who have led the Arizona Territory from its establishment on February 24, 1863, until admission to the Union as the 48th state on February 14, 1912, and thereafter as elected heads of the state government. Territorial governors, numbering around 20 across the period, were appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate, often serving amid challenges of frontier governance, including conflicts with Native American tribes and efforts to organize civil institutions. Following statehood, governors have been popularly elected to four-year terms under the Arizona Constitution, with a limit of two consecutive terms but no lifetime restriction, enabling non-consecutive reelection. Arizona's inaugural state governor, George W. P. Hunt, a Democrat, held office for seven non-consecutive terms totaling over 17 years, the longest tenure to date, marked by progressive reforms in education and water management. As of October 2025, Democrat Katie Hobbs serves as the 24th governor, having taken office on January 2, 2023, after a narrow election victory amid debates over election integrity and border security. The roster reflects Arizona's political evolution from a Republican stronghold in the mid-20th century to more competitive partisan divides in recent decades, with 15 Republicans and 9 Democrats among state governors to date.

Office of the Governor

Historical origins

The region comprising modern Arizona fell under Spanish colonial administration as part of the northern frontier of New Spain, primarily governed through military presidios such as those at Tucson and Tubac, established in response to indigenous resistance like the 1751 Pima Revolt, with civilian oversight limited to local alcaldes and Franciscan missions rather than a dedicated provincial governor for the sparsely settled area north of the Gila River. Following Mexico's independence in 1821, the territory transitioned to Mexican control as the northern district of Sonora, retaining the presidio-based military governance structure with minimal centralized executive authority, as ranching and mining activities dominated under departmental oversight from Sonora y Sinaloa until the mid-1840s. During the American Civil War, Confederate forces under Lieutenant Colonel John R. Baylor seized Mesilla on July 25, 1861, after defeating Union troops, leading Baylor to proclaim the Confederate Territory of Arizona on August 1, 1861, with boundaries encompassing present-day southern New Mexico and Arizona south of the 34th parallel, and appointing himself military governor without formal Confederate congressional approval until January 1862. This entity lacked international recognition, operated primarily as a military occupation zone for Confederate supply lines to California, and dissolved by mid-1862 following Union victories at Glorieta Pass and the recapture of key positions, rendering it a brief Civil War expedient rather than a stable governance model. The United States formalized Arizona's territorial status through the Organic Act of 1863, signed by President Abraham Lincoln on February 24, 1863, which divided the New Mexico Territory along a north-south line west of the 109th meridian, establishing Arizona Territory with an appointed governor, secretary, and legislative council to transition from initial military rule under Union generals to civilian administration, explicitly prohibiting slavery in the organic law. This act provided the foundational executive framework, vesting the governor with appointment powers, legislative veto authority, and oversight of federal-Indian relations, drawing on precedents from other western territories while addressing the region's isolation and Apache conflicts. Arizona's path to statehood culminated in the Enabling Act of June 20, 1910, which authorized the territory to draft a constitution subject to congressional approval, granting sections of public land for state institutions and requiring perpetual trusts for education, thereby extending territorial executive precedents into a sovereign governorship proclaimed on February 14, 1912, upon President William Howard Taft's admission of Arizona as the 48th state. The act incorporated progressive reforms like initiative and referendum but preserved core territorial duties such as militia command and veto power, ensuring continuity in the office's authority amid debates over judicial recall provisions ultimately resolved through amendment.

Powers, duties, and evolution

The governorship of Arizona originated in the territorial era, where executives were appointed by the President of the United States to administer federal laws, convene the territorial legislature, and recommend measures to Congress, but with constrained autonomy as territorial statutes required congressional ratification and local governance was subordinate to national authority. This structure reflected the causal dynamics of frontier expansion, prioritizing federal oversight amid sparse population and security challenges, rather than robust local executive control. Upon statehood in 1912, Arizona's constitution fundamentally shifted the role to an elected position, vesting full executive power in the governor to enforce state laws, supervise departmental officers, and transact official business, thereby enhancing responsiveness to local needs while incorporating progressive-era checks like direct democracy. Core constitutional duties include serving as commander-in-chief of the state militia (except when federalized), preparing and submitting the biennial budget to the legislature, and delivering messages recommending legislation or outlining the state of affairs. The governor wields veto authority over enacted bills, with a distinctive line-item veto permitting the excision or reduction of specific appropriation provisions while approving the remainder, a mechanism embedded in the original 1912 constitution to curb legislative spending excesses empirically observed in other states. Appointment powers extend to heads of executive departments and boards, subject to senate confirmation, balancing executive initiative against legislative oversight. Pardon authority encompasses reprieves, commutations, and pardons after conviction for all offenses except treason or impeachment, exercisable without legislative input. Subsequent amendments have refined these powers in response to governance exigencies, such as the 1991 voter-approved initiative imposing term limits of two consecutive four-year terms to mitigate incumbency advantages and promote turnover, without lifetime restrictions. Succession protocols, outlined in the constitution, devolve gubernatorial duties to the secretary of state upon death, resignation, removal, or incapacity, with further lines to the attorney general, state treasurer, and superintendent of public instruction, ensuring continuity absent a lieutenant governor position. These evolutions underscore causal adaptations to state crises and fiscal pressures, with item veto usage surging in divided-government periods—such as over 100 instances in some administrations—to enforce budgetary discipline, though overrides remain rare due to the two-thirds legislative threshold required.

Election process, terms, and succession

The governor of Arizona is elected by popular vote for a term of four years, with elections held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November of even-numbered years, aligning with United States presidential elections since the state's admission to the Union on February 14, 1912. Candidates must be at least 25 years old, United States citizens, and Arizona residents for at least five years prior to election, as stipulated in the state constitution. There are no lifetime term limits, but Article V, Section 1.1 of the Arizona Constitution prohibits more than two consecutive terms, allowing eligibility to return after an intervening term. Nomination occurs through partisan primary elections conducted in August of the election year under Title 16 of the Arizona Revised Statutes, where the candidate receiving the plurality of votes within their party secures the nomination; a majority threshold is not required. Historically, Arizona employed runoff primaries for statewide offices, including the governorship, if no candidate achieved a majority—such as the 1990 gubernatorial runoff mandated by legislative action following a fragmented primary—but this provision was phased out for gubernatorial contests in subsequent election cycles, with plurality winners advancing directly to the general election. The general election employs a simple plurality system, with the candidate receiving the most votes statewide declared the winner, without an electoral college mechanism. Arizona lacks a lieutenant governor, a distinction shared with only four other states. In cases of gubernatorial vacancy due to death, resignation, removal by impeachment, or incapacity, the secretary of state succeeds to the office and serves the remainder of the term, assuming all powers and duties upon taking the oath. Statutory law extends the line of succession to the state treasurer, followed by the attorney general, should the secretary of state be unavailable or also vacate the position. Temporary absences of the governor, such as travel out of state, empower the secretary of state to act as governor until the governor's return, ensuring continuity without triggering full succession. Vacancies have historically arisen from resignations (e.g., to assume federal office) and deaths in office, prompting seamless transitions via this protocol, with successors completing unexpired terms rather than triggering special elections unless legislatively directed for short remainders.

Pre-Statehood Governors

Confederate Arizona

The Confederate Territory of Arizona was provisionally claimed in March 1861 through secessionist conventions held in Mesilla and Tucson, encompassing the region south of the 34th parallel within the existing New Mexico Territory. This claim followed Confederate military advances into the Southwest, driven by ambitions to secure supply routes to California and control over mining districts, though actual governance remained nominal and militarily contingent. On August 1, 1861, after Confederate forces under Lieutenant Colonel captured Mesilla from Union troops, Baylor proclaimed himself of the , assuming to appoint officials and establish provisional courts. The Confederate later enacted an on January 18, 1862, formally organizing the and ratifying Baylor's , though President had already endorsed the claim. Baylor's administration exercised de facto control only in the , issuing rudimentary orders on defense and Indian relations, but lacked broader or administration amid sparse and logistical constraints. Union counteroffensives eroded Confederate holdings, culminating in the Battle of Glorieta Pass on March 26–28, 1862, where Union troops destroyed Confederate supply trains, forcing a retreat eastward along the Rio Grande. Baylor was removed from military command earlier in 1862 for controversial orders regarding Apache tribes, and by July 1862, Confederate forces evacuated Mesilla, effectively dissolving territorial control by August. No enduring institutions, laws, or policies survived the withdrawal, rendering the episode a fleeting military occupation rather than a sustained civil government.
GovernorTerm startTerm endAffiliation
John R. BaylorAugust 1, 1861August 1862Confederate

Arizona Territory

The Arizona Territory was established on February 24, 1863, by an act of the U.S. Congress that divided the western portion of New Mexico Territory along the 109th meridian west, amid efforts to bolster Union control during the Civil War and facilitate governance in a remote frontier region plagued by Native American resistance, particularly from Apache tribes. Territorial governors, numbering 16 in total, were exclusively appointed by the U.S. president and confirmed by the Senate, serving at federal pleasure with terms often curtailed by resignations, deaths, or political shifts rather than fixed durations. These appointees wielded executive authority over a sparsely populated area focused on land surveys for mining claims, negotiation of treaties with Indigenous groups to curb raids, and rudimentary infrastructure like roads and forts, though self-governance remained constrained by congressional oversight and dependency on Washington for funding and military support. John Noble Goodwin, the inaugural governor, assumed office in late 1863 after President Abraham Lincoln's nominee John A. Gurley died en route, establishing the temporary capital at Prescott to centralize administration away from Confederate sympathizers in the south. Goodwin's tenure emphasized organizing a territorial legislature and judiciary while addressing immediate threats from Apache hostilities that disrupted settlement and trade routes. Subsequent governors navigated similar empirical pressures, including capital relocations—to Tucson in 1867 and permanently to Phoenix in 1889—amid factional disputes between northern miners and southern ranchers, with federal priorities dictating responses to violence over local electoral input.
NameTerm datesPartyNotes on appointment/resignation
John Noble Goodwin1863–1866RepublicanAppointed by Lincoln after Gurley's death; resigned to serve as territorial delegate to Congress.
Richard Cunningham McCormick1866–1869RepublicanAppointed by Johnson; prior acting governor as secretary; resigned for congressional delegate role.
Anson Pacely Killen Safford1869–1877RepublicanAppointed by Grant; longest early tenure; resigned due to health issues.
John Philo Hoyt1877–1878RepublicanAppointed by Hayes; short term ended by resignation for judicial post.
John Charles Frémont1878–1881RepublicanAppointed by Hayes; largely absentee, resigned amid scandals.
Frederick Augustus Tritle1882–1885RepublicanAppointed by Arthur; focused on economic development; term ended naturally.
Conrad Meyer Zulick1885–1889DemocratAppointed by Cleveland; first Democrat; removed by Harrison.
Lewis Wolfley1889–1890RepublicanAppointed by Harrison; resigned amid bribery allegations.
John Nichol Irwin1890–1892RepublicanAppointed by Harrison; resigned for Iowa gubernatorial bid.
Nathan O. Murphy1892–1893, 1898–1902RepublicanAppointed twice by Harrison and McKinley; resigned first term for business.
Louis C. Hughes1893–1896DemocratAppointed by Cleveland; removed by McKinley.
Benjamin Joseph Franklin1896–1897DemocratAppointed by Cleveland; short term ended by death.
Myron H. McCord1897–1898RepublicanAppointed by McKinley; resigned for Spanish-American War service.
Alexander Oswald Brodie1902–1905RepublicanAppointed by Roosevelt; declined reappointment.
Joseph Henry Kibbey1905–1909RepublicanAppointed by Roosevelt; term ended by Taft.
Richard Elihu Sloan1909–1912RepublicanAppointed by Taft; served until statehood on February 14, 1912.

State Governors

List of governors

The state of Arizona has had 24 governors since its admission to the Union on February 14, 1912.
No.GovernorTerm(s)PartyNotes
1George W. P. Hunt1912–1917, 1918, 1923–1929, 1931–1933DemocratLongest-serving governor with nearly 14 non-consecutive years across seven terms.
2Thomas E. Campbell1919–1923Republican
3John C. Phillips1929–1931Republican
4Benjamin B. Moeur1933–1937Democrat
5Rawghlie C. Stanford1937–1939Democrat
6Robert T. Jones1939–1941Democrat
7Sidney P. Osborn1941–1948DemocratLongest consecutive tenure until death in office.
8Daniel E. Garvey1948–1951DemocratSucceeded Osborn; later served as secretary of state.
9John Howard Pyle1951–1955Republican
10Ernest W. McFarland1955–1959Democrat
11Paul J. Fannin1959–1967RepublicanResigned to become U.S. Senator.
12Samuel P. Goddard1965–1967DemocratSucceeded Fannin upon resignation.
13John R. Williams1967–1975RepublicanThree terms.
14Raul H. Castro1975–1977DemocratAppointed U.S. Ambassador to Argentina.
15Wesley Bolin1977–1978DemocratSucceeded Castro; died in office.
16Bruce Babbitt1978–1987DemocratSucceeded Bolin; three terms.
17Evan Mecham1987–1988RepublicanImpeached and removed from office.
18Rose Mofford1988–1991DemocratFirst woman to serve as governor; succeeded Mecham.
19J. Fife Symington III1991–1997RepublicanResigned following conviction on federal charges.
20Jane Dee Hull1997–2003RepublicanSucceeded Symington; first Republican woman governor.
21Janet Napolitano2003–2009DemocratTwo terms; resigned to become U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security.
22Jan Brewer2009–2015RepublicanSucceeded Napolitano; second woman governor.
23Doug Ducey2015–2023RepublicanTwo terms.
24Katie Hobbs2023–presentDemocratIncumbent; elected 2022, seeking reelection in 2026.

Partisan affiliations and terms

Since Arizona's statehood on February 14, 1912, the governorship has been held by 24 individuals, with Democrats comprising 14 and Republicans 10. Democrats exercised early dominance, particularly through George W. P. Hunt's multiple non-consecutive terms spanning 1912–1917, portions of 1917–1919 amid election disputes, 1923–1929, and 1931–1933, totaling nearly 14 years of service. This pattern continued with uninterrupted Democratic control from 1933 to 1951, reflecting the party's strength in the state's formative years under progressive and New Deal influences. Republicans assumed greater continuity post-World War II, securing the office from 1951–1955, 1959–1967, 1967–1975, 1987–1988, and extended stretches from 1991 to 2003 and 2009 to 2023, often aligning with the state's growing suburban conservatism and national GOP trends. Exceptions included Democratic tenures under Sidney P. Osborn (1941–1948), Bruce Babbitt (1978–1987), and Janet Napolitano (2003–2009), the latter marking a brief resurgence tied to post-9/11 security concerns and economic issues. The following table summarizes partisan affiliations:
PartyNumber of GovernorsNotable Dominance Periods
Democratic141912–1951 (intermittent early shifts); 1975–1991; 2003–2009; 2023–present
Republican101951–1955; 1959–1975; 1987–1988; 1991–2003; 2009–2023
Cumulative control reveals Democrats holding the office for approximately 62 years and Republicans for about 51 years through October 2025, with Republican terms lengthening in duration during the latter half of the statehood era. The 2022 election represented a key transition, as Democrat Katie Hobbs secured a narrow victory over Republican Kari Lake by 16,414 votes (0.57 percentage points), taking office on January 2, 2023, despite Republican majorities in both chambers of the state legislature.

Notable successions and vacancies

Since Arizona's statehood on February 14, 1912, the governorship has experienced five vacancies, all filled through constitutional succession by the secretary of state without special elections or significant disruptions to executive continuity. The state constitution (Article V, Section 6) mandates that the secretary of state assumes the governorship upon a vacancy due to death, resignation, removal, or disability, serving the remainder of the term; Arizona lacks a lieutenant governor position, making the secretary of state the primary successor. These events—two resignations for federal appointments or legal reasons, one death in office, one impeachment removal, and one felony-conviction resignation—resulted in interim terms averaging under one year, with successors often appointed to the secretary of state role in advance to maintain the line. No vacancies involved contested successions or legislative overrides, preserving institutional stability amid causes rooted in personal health, legal accountability, or career moves. The first modern vacancy occurred in 1977 when Governor Raúl H. Castro (D), serving since 1975, resigned on October 19 to accept appointment as U.S. ambassador to Argentina under President Jimmy Carter. Secretary of State Wesley Bolin (D) immediately succeeded him on October 20, 1977, becoming Arizona's 15th governor. Bolin, a career public servant who had held the secretary position since 1949, maintained policy continuity but faced health challenges. This was followed by a rare death in office: Bolin died of cardiac arrest on March 4, 1978, after less than five months as governor. He had appointed Bruce Babbitt (D), previously state attorney general, as secretary of state in November 1977 to fill the vacancy created by his own ascension; Babbitt thus succeeded seamlessly, serving from March 5, 1978, to January 5, 1987, and winning election to full terms thereafter. This back-to-back succession highlighted the system's reliance on preemptive appointments to avoid gaps, with no interruption in governance. In 1988, Governor Evan Mecham (R), elected in 1986, became the only Arizona governor impeached and removed. The state House impeached him on February 5 for obstruction of justice (refusing to provide documents to a grand jury investigating campaign finance issues) and misuse of over $340,000 in state funds, including a $350,000 loan funneled as an unreported campaign contribution. The Senate convicted him on April 4, 1988, by a 21-9 vote on two articles, removing him from office. Secretary of State Rose Mofford (D) ascended that day, serving until January 1991 and restoring stability amid Mecham's polarizing tenure marked by racial controversies and economic disputes. Governor J. Fife Symington III (R), elected in 1990 and reelected in 1994, resigned on September 5, 1997, two days after a federal jury convicted him on seven felony counts of fraud for submitting false financial statements to banks during the 1980s real estate boom. Arizona's constitution required resignation upon felony conviction, prompting Secretary of State Jane Dee Hull (R) to succeed him; Hull served the remainder of the term until 2003, focusing on budget reforms during economic recovery. The most recent vacancy arose when Governor Janet Napolitano (D), elected in 2002 and reelected in 2006, resigned on January 21, 2009, to serve as U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security under President Barack Obama. Secretary of State Jan Brewer (R) assumed office immediately, navigating the Great Recession and immigration debates until 2015; this cross-party succession underscored the non-partisan mechanics of the process, with Brewer winning election in 2010.

Political and Historical Context

From statehood in 1912 until the early 1930s, Democrats maintained control of the governorship through George W. P. Hunt's multiple terms, often in alliance with Progressive reformers focused on labor and resource policies amid Arizona's mining and agricultural economy. This era saw frequent alternations, with Republicans briefly capturing the office in 1918–1922 and 1926–1930, reflecting voter shifts toward fiscal conservatism during post-World War I economic adjustments. Legislative control was more contested, with Democrats holding slim majorities until the 1930s Great Depression response solidified their influence temporarily. By mid-century, Republican hegemony emerged, with the party securing the governorship for most terms from the 1950s through 2006, interrupted by Democratic holds under Bruce Babbitt (1978–1987) and Rose Mofford (1988–1991). The legislature shifted durably to Republican majorities around 1967, enabling unified Republican government during GOP governorships and emphasizing policies of tax restraint and business growth that correlated with Arizona's population boom and suburban expansion. From 1992 to 2022 elections, Republicans consistently held at least 16 of 30 Senate seats and majorities in the House, per partisan composition data. Since 2003, divided government has prevailed during Democratic governorships of Janet Napolitano (2003–2009) and Katie Hobbs (2023–present), against ongoing Republican legislative control, resulting in heightened veto activity and policy stalemates on issues like budgeting and elections. Hobbs, facing a GOP-majority legislature, issued 174 vetoes in 2025 alone—a single-year record—following over 140 in 2023, often targeting Republican-sponsored measures on election integrity and social policy. Overall, Arizona experienced unified Republican government for approximately 40 of the 60 years from 1967 to 2027, contrasting with divided periods under Democrats that comprised about 20% of statehood-era terms but intensified gridlock in recent cycles.
PeriodGovernment TypeKey Features
1912–1933Mostly Democratic governorship; mixed legislatureFrequent elections; Progressive-Democratic fusion on resource issues
1950s–2002 (intermittent)Unified Republican (majority of terms post-1967)Legislative GOP control since 1967; focus on growth amid population influx
2003–2009, 2023–presentDivided (Democrat governor, Republican legislature)Veto-driven gridlock; 300+ vetoes under recent Dem governors
State-level GDP data shows Arizona ranking in the top 10 for growth rates during extended Republican-led periods (e.g., 2015–2023 under Doug Ducey), with annual real GDP increases averaging 2.5–3.5% amid pro-business policies, though federal factors influence outcomes. Border-related state actions, such as National Guard deployments under Republican governors (e.g., 2021–2023), coincided with localized enforcement metrics like increased state apprehensions, but federal encounter data dominates trends.

Demographic characteristics

Of Arizona's 24 state governors since 1912, five have been women, the highest number of any U.S. state. These include Rose Perica Mofford, who ascended as acting governor in 1988 following the impeachment of Evan Mecham and was subsequently elected to serve until 1991; Jane Dee Hull, who became acting governor in 1997 after J. Fife Symington III's resignation and won election for the term ending in 2003; Janet Napolitano, elected in 2002 and reelected in 2006 to serve until 2009; Jan Brewer, who succeeded Napolitano in 2009 and won election in 2010 to serve until 2015; and Katie Hobbs, elected in 2022 to serve from 2023 onward. All female governors have held office since 1988. In terms of ethnicity, 23 of the 24 state governors have been non-Hispanic white. The exception is Raúl Héctor Castro, who served from 1975 to 1977 as the state's only governor of Hispanic origin, born in Mexico and the first Mexican-American elected to the position. No governor has been of Native American descent. Tenures have varied due to Arizona's historical two-year terms until 1968 (when four-year terms were adopted) and instances of succession or removal. George W. P. Hunt served the longest cumulative time, nearly 14 years across non-consecutive terms from 1917 to 1933. Evan Mecham held office for the shortest period, about 15 months from January 1987 until his impeachment and removal in April 1988. Early governors often entered office in their 40s or 50s with backgrounds in law, mining, or public administration; military service was less prevalent among state governors than among territorial predecessors like John C. Frémont.

Key controversies and impeachments

Evan Mecham, serving as Arizona's 17th governor from January 5, 1987, to April 4, 1988, became the first and only Arizona governor to be impeached and removed from office. The state House impeached him on February 5, 1988, on articles including obstruction of justice, misuse of public funds, and failure to disclose a $350,000 campaign loan, stemming from allegations of perjury in financial disclosures. The Senate convicted him on two counts—obstruction and misuse—leading to his removal, though he was later acquitted in a criminal trial on related perjury charges and pardoned by President George H.W. Bush in 1990. Mecham's refusal to implement a state holiday for Martin Luther King Jr., citing fiscal constraints amid budget shortfalls, drew national criticism but was not a basis for impeachment; his administration emphasized austerity measures during economic pressures. J. Fife Symington III, governor from 1991 to September 5, 1997, resigned following a federal conviction on seven counts of bank fraud related to false financial statements submitted as a real estate developer before his governorship. The jury acquitted him on three counts, but the convictions triggered automatic resignation under Arizona law; he was sentenced to 30 months in prison, though five counts were later vacated on appeal, and he received a full pardon from President Donald Trump in 2020. Symington's tenure saw economic expansion through pro-business policies, including tax cuts and deregulation that contributed to Arizona's growth in the early 1990s, prior to the scandals overshadowing his record. Jan Brewer, governor from 2009 to 2015, faced intense national debate over Senate Bill 1070, signed on April 23, 2010, which required law enforcement to check immigration status during stops where reasonable suspicion arose and criminalized failure to carry documentation. Critics alleged risks of racial profiling, prompting lawsuits and boycotts, but the U.S. Supreme Court in Arizona v. United States (2012) upheld key provisions like the "stop and check" requirement while striking others as preempted by federal law. Border security metrics during her term showed increased apprehensions and drug seizures, with state-federal partnerships like enhanced patrols correlating to a reported 20-30% rise in interdictions in southern Arizona counties. More recent governors have encountered policy disputes without impeachments. Doug Ducey (2015-2023) expanded Operation Stonegarden, a federal grant program funding local law enforcement for border operations, which facilitated major drug seizures—such as over 1,000 pounds of fentanyl precursors in 2018—and supported the Border Strike Force, leading to thousands of arrests amid rising crossings. In contrast, Katie Hobbs (2023-present) has vetoed multiple Republican-led bills on border and election integrity, including measures to classify illegal crossings as state crimes (HB 2750, vetoed March 5, 2024) and enhance ICE cooperation in schools and jails (vetoed April 2025), citing concerns over local-federal overreach; these actions set a record with 178 vetoes in the 2025 session, often overriding GOP majorities on enforcement amid ongoing border challenges.

Chronological Summary

Timeline of governorships

Arizona's territorial period began with the establishment of the Arizona Territory on February 24, 1863, following the secession of southern territories during the Civil War; prior to this, a provisional Confederate government claimed Arizona from 1861 to 1862 under Lieutenant Colonel John R. Baylor. Territorial governors were appointed by the U.S. President and served until Arizona's admission to the Union as the 48th state on February 14, 1912. State governorship commenced immediately upon statehood, with George W. P. Hunt sworn in as the inaugural governor on February 14, 1912. Terms initially lasted two years, extending to four years following a 1968 constitutional amendment; elections occur in even-numbered years, with inaugurations typically in early January except for the initial post-statehood period. The following table delineates the sequence of governorships from 1912 to the present, noting key transitions such as elections, successions due to death or resignation, and the 1951 shift to Republican control after nearly four decades of Democratic dominance.
GovernorTerm StartTerm EndNotes
George W. P. Hunt19121917Elected prior to statehood; first term aligned with statehood proclamation.
George W. P. Hunt19181918Brief return following disputed 1916 election resolved in his favor.
Thomas E. Campbell19191923Elected 1918; multiple non-consecutive terms with Hunt.
George W. P. Hunt19231929Re-elected in 1922; served three consecutive two-year terms.
John C. Phillips19291931Elected 1928.
George W. P. Hunt19311933Final term; elected 1930.
Benjamin B. Moeur19331937Elected 1932; two terms.
Rawghlie C. Stanford19371939Elected 1936.
Robert T. Jones19391941Elected 1938.
Sidney P. Osborn19411948Elected 1940; died in office May 25, 1948.
Daniel E. Garvey19481951Succeeded Osborn as Secretary of State; served remainder of term and elected 1948.
John Howard Pyle19511955Elected 1950; first Republican governor since statehood.
Ernest W. McFarland19551959Elected 1954.
Paul J. Fannin19591965Elected 1958; resigned January 1966 to join U.S. Senate.
Samuel P. Goddard19651967Succeeded Fannin; elected 1966.
John R. Williams19671975Elected 1966; two full terms under new four-year limit.
Raul H. Castro19751977Elected 1974; resigned October 1977 upon U.S. ambassador appointment.
Harvey Wesley Bolin19771978Interim as Secretary of State; brief term.
Bruce Babbitt19781987Elected 1978; two terms; succeeded Castro and Bolin.
Evan Mecham19871988Elected 1986; impeached and removed February 1988.
Rose P. Mofford19881991Succeeded as Secretary of State; did not seek full term.
J. Fife Symington19911997Elected 1990; resigned September 1997 after federal conviction.
Jane Dee Hull19972003Succeeded Symington as Secretary of State; elected 1998.
Janet Napolitano20032009Elected 2002; resigned January 2009 for Obama administration role.
Janice K. Brewer20092015Succeeded Napolitano as Secretary of State; elected 2010.
Doug Ducey20152023Elected 2014; two terms; sworn January 5, 2015.
Katie Hobbs2023PresentElected 2022; sworn January 2, 2023; term ongoing as of October 2025.
This chronology reflects 24 distinct individuals holding the office, with no vacancies or overlaps beyond standard successions; Hunt's seven partial terms represent the longest cumulative service at nearly 14 years.

Statistical overview

Arizona has had 24 governors since statehood in 1912, with an average tenure of approximately 4.2 years per individual service period, reflecting a mix of two-year terms in the early years and four-year terms thereafter. The territorial period (1863–1912) featured 16 appointed governors. George W. P. Hunt holds the record for the longest overall service, with seven non-consecutive terms totaling nearly 14 years (1912–1913, 1917–1921, 1923–1929, and 1931–1933). Republicans have dominated the office, controlling it for over 70% of the years since 1912, with Democrats holding early (e.g., Hunt's initial terms) and sporadic recent tenures (e.g., 2003–2009 under Janet Napolitano and since 2023 under Katie Hobbs). This partisan imbalance contrasts with more balanced national patterns in some states but aligns with Arizona's conservative lean in executive control post-World War II.
MetricValueNotes
Women governors5 (Rose Mofford, Jane Dee Hull, Janet Napolitano, Jan Brewer, Katie Hobbs)Highest in the U.S.; exceeds national average of fewer than 1 per state historically.
Resignations (state era)At least 2 major cases (e.g., J. Fife Symington III in 1997, Napolitano in 2009)Higher rate relative to many states, often tied to scandals or federal appointments; territorial era saw additional vacancies.
Veto recordsKatie Hobbs: 143 in 2023, surpassing prior highsReflects divided government tensions; used to block partisan legislation.

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