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Hamengkubuwono III
Hamengkubuwono III (also spelled Hamengkubuwana III, born Raden Mas Surojo; 20 February 1769 – 3 November 1814) was the third sultan of Yogyakarta, reigning from 1810 to 1811 as prince regent and as Sultan from 1812 to 1814. His reign took place during the interregnum of Dutch rule during the Napoleonic Wars, twice replacing his father Hamengkubuwono II.
As Hamengkubuwono II's eldest son, Surojo became crown prince in 1790, prior to his father's succession, due to the intervention of Hamengkubuwono I. A faction emerged in Yogyakarta opposing his succession, which had gained the upper hand by 1808. Following an 1810 rebellion by a Yogyakartan noble, however, Hamengkubuwono II was forced to concede his rulership to Surojo by Herman Willem Daendels. After the British invaded Java, Hamengkubuwono II returned to power and purged Surojo's supporters, until he was again deposed and exiled in 1812.
Surojo formally became Sultan Hamengkubuwono III in June 1812. His reign as sultan saw a reduction in Yogyakarta's military forces and territories by a treaty with the British. He lightened taxation and labour demands on the sultanate's population, which had been imposed by his father for ambitious projects. He died at the age of 45 in November 1814, and was succeeded by his ten-year old son Hamengkubuwono IV.
Hamengkubuwono III was born Raden Mas Surojo on 20 February 1769 at the Yogyakarta Keraton, where he spent his childhood. His father was Hamengkubuwono II (at the time of his birth, crown prince with the birth name of Raden Mas Sundoro), and his mother was Raden Ajeng Gambariyah (later titled Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Kedhaton/Queen). Surojo was Sundoro's eldest son. In his youth, Surojo became known as an amateur historian and a writer, and according to Dutch accounts, Surojo's grandfather Hamengkubuwono I took a liking to Surojo, personally educating him including on Javanese history and tales.
In 1790, as his grandfather was dying, rumours spread that the Sultanate would be partitioned between Surakarta and the Mangkunegaran after his death. In response, Hamengkubuwono I ordered that Surojo be designated crown prince, even as Sundoro was also still crown prince. Sundoro preferred to select another of his sons as crown prince, but deferred to his father. Hamengkubuwono I died on 24 March 1792, and Sundoro succeeded him as Sultan Hamengkubuwono II.
Two factions emerged in Yogyakarta's court: one supporting Surojo's status as crown prince, while another supported Prince Mangkudiningrat, another son of Hamengkubuwono II. As the Netherlands fell under French rule as the Kingdom of Holland, Herman Willem Daendels was installed in January 1808 as the new Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. By the time of Daendels, the crown prince's faction in court had become rather weak, with Surojo often being uninvited to state functions. While not outwardly resisting, during this period he had hired a kyai to poison his father.
Surojo led a military review to Dutch officials in June 1808, and according to Dutch accounts, attempted to show his Dutch guests that he held a pro-Dutch sentiment. At the time, however, anti-Dutch sentiment was growing in Yogyakarta's court as Daendels harshly tightened Dutch influence on the Sultanate. By November 1810, an anti-Dutch rebellion led by Yogyakartan noble Rongga Prawiradirdja had broken out. During the rebellion, the Dutch coerced Hamengkubuwono II to hand over the overall Yogyakartan military command to Surojo.
After the rebellion was suppressed, Daendels marched into Yogyakarta with a force of 3,200 soldiers, and demanded that Surojo be installed as Yogyakarta's ruler. Hamengkubuwono II acquiesced, and on 31 December 1810 Surojo became Prince Regent, retaining his title of crown prince. Hamengkubuwono II remained at the Keraton, and continued to control state finances and the royal demesne. In August 1811, however, the British invaded Java, deposing the Franco-Dutch government. Immediately after the Franco-Dutch collapse, Hamengkubuwono II de facto returned to power. Surojo formally abdicated as regent on 28 December 1811, remaining as crown prince. A key supporter of Surojo's, patih Danureja II, was executed at the Keraton in late October, and several more officials supporting him were executed in his father's 1811–1812 reign.
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Hamengkubuwono III
Hamengkubuwono III (also spelled Hamengkubuwana III, born Raden Mas Surojo; 20 February 1769 – 3 November 1814) was the third sultan of Yogyakarta, reigning from 1810 to 1811 as prince regent and as Sultan from 1812 to 1814. His reign took place during the interregnum of Dutch rule during the Napoleonic Wars, twice replacing his father Hamengkubuwono II.
As Hamengkubuwono II's eldest son, Surojo became crown prince in 1790, prior to his father's succession, due to the intervention of Hamengkubuwono I. A faction emerged in Yogyakarta opposing his succession, which had gained the upper hand by 1808. Following an 1810 rebellion by a Yogyakartan noble, however, Hamengkubuwono II was forced to concede his rulership to Surojo by Herman Willem Daendels. After the British invaded Java, Hamengkubuwono II returned to power and purged Surojo's supporters, until he was again deposed and exiled in 1812.
Surojo formally became Sultan Hamengkubuwono III in June 1812. His reign as sultan saw a reduction in Yogyakarta's military forces and territories by a treaty with the British. He lightened taxation and labour demands on the sultanate's population, which had been imposed by his father for ambitious projects. He died at the age of 45 in November 1814, and was succeeded by his ten-year old son Hamengkubuwono IV.
Hamengkubuwono III was born Raden Mas Surojo on 20 February 1769 at the Yogyakarta Keraton, where he spent his childhood. His father was Hamengkubuwono II (at the time of his birth, crown prince with the birth name of Raden Mas Sundoro), and his mother was Raden Ajeng Gambariyah (later titled Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Kedhaton/Queen). Surojo was Sundoro's eldest son. In his youth, Surojo became known as an amateur historian and a writer, and according to Dutch accounts, Surojo's grandfather Hamengkubuwono I took a liking to Surojo, personally educating him including on Javanese history and tales.
In 1790, as his grandfather was dying, rumours spread that the Sultanate would be partitioned between Surakarta and the Mangkunegaran after his death. In response, Hamengkubuwono I ordered that Surojo be designated crown prince, even as Sundoro was also still crown prince. Sundoro preferred to select another of his sons as crown prince, but deferred to his father. Hamengkubuwono I died on 24 March 1792, and Sundoro succeeded him as Sultan Hamengkubuwono II.
Two factions emerged in Yogyakarta's court: one supporting Surojo's status as crown prince, while another supported Prince Mangkudiningrat, another son of Hamengkubuwono II. As the Netherlands fell under French rule as the Kingdom of Holland, Herman Willem Daendels was installed in January 1808 as the new Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. By the time of Daendels, the crown prince's faction in court had become rather weak, with Surojo often being uninvited to state functions. While not outwardly resisting, during this period he had hired a kyai to poison his father.
Surojo led a military review to Dutch officials in June 1808, and according to Dutch accounts, attempted to show his Dutch guests that he held a pro-Dutch sentiment. At the time, however, anti-Dutch sentiment was growing in Yogyakarta's court as Daendels harshly tightened Dutch influence on the Sultanate. By November 1810, an anti-Dutch rebellion led by Yogyakartan noble Rongga Prawiradirdja had broken out. During the rebellion, the Dutch coerced Hamengkubuwono II to hand over the overall Yogyakartan military command to Surojo.
After the rebellion was suppressed, Daendels marched into Yogyakarta with a force of 3,200 soldiers, and demanded that Surojo be installed as Yogyakarta's ruler. Hamengkubuwono II acquiesced, and on 31 December 1810 Surojo became Prince Regent, retaining his title of crown prince. Hamengkubuwono II remained at the Keraton, and continued to control state finances and the royal demesne. In August 1811, however, the British invaded Java, deposing the Franco-Dutch government. Immediately after the Franco-Dutch collapse, Hamengkubuwono II de facto returned to power. Surojo formally abdicated as regent on 28 December 1811, remaining as crown prince. A key supporter of Surojo's, patih Danureja II, was executed at the Keraton in late October, and several more officials supporting him were executed in his father's 1811–1812 reign.