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Interstate H-201
Interstate H-201
Interstate H-201
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Interstate H-201 marker
Interstate H-201
Moanalua Freeway
Map
H-201 highlighted in red
Route information
Auxiliary route of H-1
Maintained by HDOT
Length4.1 mi[1] (6.6 km)
Existed1989–present
HistorySigned in 2004
NHSEntire route
Major junctions
West end Route 99 in Aiea
Major intersections H-1 in Aiea
H-3 in Halawa
East end H-1 in Honolulu
Location
CountryUnited States
StateHawaii
CountiesHonolulu
Highway system
← Route 200→ Route 220
← Route 76Route 78→ Route 80

Interstate H-201 (H-201, named the Moanalua Freeway) is the only auxiliary Interstate Highway located outside the contiguous United States, serving the island of Oʻahu in the US state of Hawaii. The 4.1-mile-long (6.6 km) loop route connects exits 13 and 19 on H-1, passing Fort Shafter, Tripler Army Medical Center, and the Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility.

Despite being designated an Interstate in 1989, until mid-2004, the route was an unsigned Interstate, signed only as Route 78. The section of the Moanalua Freeway between Route 99 (Kamehameha Highway) and the western H-1 interchange remains designated as Route 78.

Route description

[edit]

H-201 serves as an alternate route to H-1 near Downtown Honolulu, traveling on the Moanalua Freeway around the northeast side of Salt Lake. It begins at a junction with Route 99 on the north side of Aloha Stadium, located near Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam. The freeway travels east through an interchange with H-1, which continues west toward Kapolei and south to Daniel K. Inouye International Airport, and H-3. H-201 and H-3 briefly run parallel to each other through Halawa, where the former intersects Kahuapaani Street, before H-3 splits to continue northeast across the Koʻolau Range. H-201 turns southeast to avoid Red Hill and travels through Moanalua, a residential neighborhood with hospitals operated by Kaiser Permanente, the US Department of Veterans Affairs, and the US Army (including Tripler Army Medical Center). The freeway continues southeast, passing Moanalua Gardens and an industrial area, before it bisects Fort Shafter, a military installation in the Kalihi valley. H-201 then terminates on the south side of Fort Shafter at an interchange with H-1, which continues southeast towards Downtown Honolulu on the Lunalilo Freeway.[2][3]

The freeway is maintained by the Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT) and is designated as part of the National Highway System, a network of strategic highways in the US.[4] H-201 is generally six to eight lanes wide[citation needed] with an eastbound high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane during the morning rush hour from Halawa to Puuloa Road.[5] Traffic volumes on the highway, measured in terms of annual average daily traffic, ranged in 2020 from a minimum of 19,800 vehicles at its western terminus to a maximum of 136,100 vehicles near H-3.[6]

History

[edit]
H-201 eastbound approaching exit 3 in Moanalua. Letters in H-201 shields require thinner text, such as on signage like this one.

Moanalua Road, the direct predecessor to H-201, was an unpaved road constructed in the late 19th century to connect Honolulu's King Street to Aiea.[7] The road was macadamized in 1899 but remained in poor condition for several years, prompting calls to prioritize its improvement for tourists.[8][9] It was repaired in the 1910s, following the establishment of Fort Shafter, and plans were announced to straighten sections of the road in 1921.[10][11]

The territorial government began preliminary construction of a four-lane divided highway to replace Moanalua Road in 1948, following the opening of the new Tripler Army Hospital.[12][13] The project, which would reduce the number of curves on the road from 24 to 6, was also meant to connect with the Mauka Arterial (now part of H-1) and relieve congestion on the Kamehameha Highway near Pearl Harbor.[14][15] The westernmost 2.7 miles (4.3 km) of the divided highway was dedicated and opened to traffic on April 28, 1954.[16] The road was designated as part of Route 72 in 1955.[17]

The remaining section of the original Moanalua Road, bisecting Fort Shafter, was upgraded to a divided highway in the second phase and end at an interchange with the Lunalilo Freeway (also part of H-1).[18][19] With funding from the territorial highway department and approval of the US Army, several facilities at Fort Shafter were relocated to new buildings in 1958 and the former Tripler Army Hospital was demolished in May 1959 to make way for the project.[20][21] Construction began in June 1959 under a $1.46-million (equivalent to $12 million in 2024[22]) contract awarded to Hawaiian Dredging and Construction.[23][24] The widened Fort Shafter section of the Moanalua Highway was opened in September 1960, featuring an interchange at E Street and several overpasses.[25]

Plans to upgrade the western terminus at Aiea to an interchange with the Kamehameha Highway were approved in the late 1950s.[26] Construction began in 1960, and the Aiea interchange opened in stages between June 1965 and November 1965, at a cost of $2 million (equivalent to $15.1 million in 2024[22]).[27] A western extension of the Moanalua Highway from the Aiea interchange with flyover ramps to connect to the Kamehameha Highway was approved for construction in 1964 and was opened to traffic in June 1966.[28][29] The interchange with the Lunalilo Freeway at the eastern end of the highway was completed in May 1964.[30]

The conversion of the highway to a full freeway began in September 1971 with work near Red Hill and was completed in August 1974.[31][32] It was estimated to cost $37 million (equivalent to $183 million in 2024[22]) total to construct.[33] An eastbound lane between Halawa and Puuloa Road was designated for carpools of four or more people in October 1974.[34] The highway was designated as Route 78 in the early 1970s.[35][36]

Hawaii Route 78 marker
Hawaii Route 78
LocationHonolulu
Length0.739 mi (1,189 m)
Existed1989–present

The Federal Highway Administration approved the addition of H-201 to the Interstate Highway System on November 1, 1989.[37] HDOT requested that the Moanalua Freeway be reclassified as an Interstate so that the interchange with H-1 at the eastern end could conform to federal highway standards.[citation needed] HDOT originally asked the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in June 1990 to approve the freeway as H-1A in an application to AASHTO's Special Committee on US Route Numbering, the committee which approves Interstate Highway designations.[38] HDOT resubmitted a request later that year to number it as H-101, and AASHTO approved it as H-201 on December 8, 1990.[39] The highway was initially designated H-1A, but AASHTO policy does not generally allow alphabetic suffixes in Interstate numbers.[40] The final designation, H-201, conforms to the general rule for three-digit Interstate loop routes that uses an even initial digit.[39]

Until 2004, HDOT chose not to sign H-201 as such, instead retaining the designation Route 78. Reasons given included the following:

  • inability to render the new route number in a legible manner (because it has four characters, longer than the one to three characters of any other Interstate, it is necessary to use the thinnest font to render the number, and the shield is wider than the standard Interstate shield)
  • encouraging motorists to use the newer and better designed H-1
  • avoiding confusion with H-2[37][41]

In July 2004, in conjunction with a major resurfacing of both sides of the freeway, it was decided to bring the signage in line with the official designation.[37]

Exit list

[edit]

The entire route is in Honolulu County.

Locationmi[2]kmExitDestinationsNotes
Aiea0.00.0—
 Route 99 west – Pearlridge, Pearl City		Continues as Route 99
–Stadium, AieaWestbound exit and eastbound entrance; access via Moanalua Road
0.50.801A
 H-1 east – Honolulu International Airport, Pearl Harbor		No westbound exit
1C


 H-1 west to H-2 north – Pearl City		Westbound signage; no eastbound exit
Halawa0.91.41BStadium, Halawa, Camp SmithNo westbound entrance; signed as exit 1E westbound; access via Kahuapaani Street
1.42.31C
 H-3 east – Kaneohe		Eastbound signage; no westbound entrance; signed as exit 1D westbound; exit 1B on H-3
Honolulu2.43.92Moanalua Valley, Salt Lake, Red HillAccess via Ala Kapuna and Ala Napunani Streets
3.76.03 Puuloa Road (Route 7310) – Tripler Hospital, Moanalua Gardens, Airport
4.57.24Fort Shafter, Ahua StreetNo number designation on eastbound exit
King StreetEastbound exit and westbound entrance
4.67.4—
 H-1 east – Honolulu		Exit 19B on Interstate H-1
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Interstate H-201

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Interstate H-201, also known as the Moanalua Freeway, is a 4.1-mile-long (6.6 km) auxiliary Interstate Highway located entirely on the island of Oʻahu in , . It functions as a short loop route connecting exit 13 (Halawa/Aloha Stadium) and exit 19 (Middle Street) of , offering a northern bypass for traffic between western Oʻahu suburbs like Aiea and central areas such as . The freeway provides key access to military facilities, including and , while also serving civilian destinations like . Designated as an Interstate on November 1, 1989, to resolve a nonconforming junction with H-1, H-201 was officially numbered on December 8, 1990, following approval by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Prior to its Interstate status, the route was signed solely as State Route 78, with construction of the freeway beginning in the —its western 2.7 miles opened on April 28, 1954, and the eastern section completed between 1959 and 1960. Interstate signage was not erected until July 2004, during a resurfacing project, making it one of Hawaii's "secret" Interstates for over a . At the Halawa Interchange (its western terminus), H-201 intersects both H-1 and H-3, facilitating connectivity to the broader interstate system on Oʻahu, though the junction features a restrictive 35 mph exit ramp. As a non-chargeable Interstate, it supports commuter and high-occupancy (HOV) lanes during peak hours, underscoring its role in alleviating congestion on the island's limited highway network.

Overview

Length, Location, and Connections

Interstate H-201, known as the Moanalua Freeway, spans 4.1 miles (6.6 km) across the island of Oahu in . This auxiliary route functions as a northern bypass around central , linking the Aiea community on the west with the Kalihi-Palama neighborhood on the east, thereby alleviating congestion on the primary urban corridor. The highway branches off from at exit 13 (Halawa/) in Halawa. It then proceeds eastward, intersecting at exit 1C within the Halawa Interchange complex, before rejoining at exit 19 in the vicinity of . These connections integrate H-201 into Oahu's broader east-west freeway network, facilitating efficient travel between key urban, military, and aviation hubs. As a designated Interstate route, H-201 is included in the National Highway System (NHS), which encompasses all Interstate highways to support national defense, interstate commerce, and mobility. This status underscores its role in enhancing connectivity within Hawaii's isolated island transportation infrastructure.

Designation and Maintenance

Interstate H-201 is officially known as the Moanalua Freeway and serves as an auxiliary route to Interstate H-1. Designated as an Interstate on November 1, 1989, by the , the route was assigned the number H-201 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) on December 8, 1990, following an initial request from the for a three-digit number to reflect its role as an auxiliary loop route of H-1. Prior to the installation of Interstate signage, the route was marked exclusively as Hawaii Route 78 from its completion in the early until mid-2004, rendering it an unsigned or "secret" Interstate for over a decade after its federal designation. This delay in signage implementation was due to the Department of Transportation's initial preference for state route numbering, with Interstate shields added only after coordination with the to align with national standards. Maintenance of Interstate H-201 falls under the responsibility of the Department of Transportation (HDOT) Highways Division, which oversees routine upkeep such as repaving, structural repairs, and safety enhancements in accordance with state freeway standards. HDOT manages ongoing projects, including resurfacing efforts and closure operations for preservation, ensuring the route's integration into 's broader interstate network. H-201 holds the distinction as Hawaii's sole three-digit Interstate highway and the only auxiliary Interstate located outside the , highlighting its unique position within the national system despite the state's insular geography.

Route Description

Western Portion (Aiea to Halawa)

The Moanalua Freeway approaches the western terminus of Interstate H-201 from Aiea via a 0.74-mile (1.2 km) spur designated as Hawaii Route 78, featuring a wye interchange with Route 99 () that provides access to nearby industrial zones and the complex via connecting roads such as Puuloa Road. Interstate H-201 itself begins at mile 0 at the Halawa Interchange with (exit 13), serving as a key connector for traffic from western Oʻahu suburbs like Aiea and Pearl City, allowing efficient entry into the broader interstate network while passing north of Pearl Harbor's facilities. From the Halawa Interchange, H-201 heads eastward through the Halawa area, traversing a mix of urban residential neighborhoods and light industrial developments in the Aiea Heights vicinity before entering . The freeway features gentle elevation changes typical of Oʻahu's , with access to local communities via interchanges such as Exit 1B (Halawa Heights Road/ Boulevard). This initial approximately 2-mile (3.2 km) stretch of H-201 provides controlled access to support regional mobility, including to . A notable feature is the proximity to Salt Lake via the Salt Lake Boulevard interchange and passage adjacent to Halawa Stream, which flows parallel to the roadway in the Halawa valley, with the route utilizing bridges and embankments over the stream and wetland areas. In terms of local traffic role, this initial segment of H-201 primarily supports commuter flows from Aiea and Pearl City toward military installations, , and Honolulu International Airport, handling an average daily traffic (ADT) volume of approximately 40,100 vehicles at mile 0.20 as recorded in 2020. The segment's capacity aids in alleviating congestion on parallel arterials like , promoting reliable access for both civilian and military personnel.

Eastern Portion (Halawa to Honolulu)

The eastern portion of Interstate H-201 continues from mile 2.0 near the Halawa Interchange—where it provides access to H-3 heading toward Kaneohe—curving southeast through the Red Hill area. This segment traverses terrain adjacent to the Red Hill Underground Fuel Storage Facility, a former U.S. military installation consisting of 20 massive reservoirs excavated into , capable of holding up to 250 million gallons of fuel for Pacific Fleet operations; the facility was fully defueled on March 6, 2024, following the 2021 leak incident and is now undergoing permanent closure. The freeway follows a relatively straight path amid low-lying hills, offering glimpses of the surrounding urban landscape as it approaches denser military and residential zones. Continuing eastward, H-201 passes key U.S. Army installations, including —accessed via Exit 3 at Jarrett White Road—and , the headquarters of the U.S. Army Pacific Command. The route navigates undulating terrain that rises modestly above surrounding valleys, skirting the edges of the and Liliha neighborhoods while providing strategic military connectivity. This section emphasizes secure access to these bases without disrupting operations. Spanning roughly 2.1 miles from mile 2.0, the eastern portion concludes at mile 4.1, merging back into H-1 at Exit 19 near Middle Street in , functioning as a vital route for bound to and downtown from leeward areas. It helps alleviate congestion on the parallel H-1 corridor by diverting vehicles around the district, with annual average daily traffic (AADT) reaching 88,500 vehicles near the Moanalua Street overpass (mile 3.19) in 2020. Environmentally, the route's proximity to the Red Hill facility—passing within 350 to 700 feet—drew attention following the 2021 fuel leak incident, which released thousands of gallons of into but resulted in no documented structural or operational impacts to the freeway itself.

History

Planning and Initial Construction (1940s–1960s)

The origins of the roadway that would evolve into Interstate H-201 lie in Moanalua Road, a basic two-lane path constructed in the late to facilitate access to the Oahu Sugar Company plantation in the Aiea area from King Street in . This route followed an extension of King Street north of to Aiea, traversing marshy terrain with fishponds as depicted in 1928 maps, and formed part of the original winding alignment of until a straighter section was completed by 1936 with federal funding to improve regional access. Following the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, military needs drove immediate infrastructure upgrades along Moanalua Road to support logistics to key installations, including the construction of a parallel Halawa Stream Bridge in 1945 for the northbound lanes of Kamehameha Highway to handle surging wartime traffic volumes. The post-World War II population boom in Honolulu further intensified demand for better connectivity, with Oahu's population rising 41.8% between 1950 and 1960, prompting enhancements to bypass congested urban routes and serve growing residential and industrial areas. Engineering efforts during this period addressed challenges such as bridging Halawa Stream—where the 1945 structure complemented an earlier 1930s bridge—and accommodating expansions at nearby military facilities, including the completion of Tripler Army Medical Center on Moanalua Ridge in 1948 at a cost of $41 million, which required road widening to support access for its initial 563-bed capacity (expandable to 1,100 beds). Similarly, Fort Shafter underwent post-war buildups, with residential expansions tied to troop increases that influenced adjacent roadway alignments for logistical efficiency. Hawaii's achievement of statehood in 1959 unlocked federal funding under the Federal-Aid Highway Act, enabling formal planning for the Moanalua Freeway as a bypass for the emerging H-1 system. The U.S. Bureau of Public Roads studied the route in 1959–1960, evaluating it against criteria for national defense connectivity, system integration, and service to population centers and industry, which aligned with the Omnibus Act of 1960 that apportioned Interstate Construction funds covering 90% of costs. Initial segments advanced amid these developments, including the widening of the portion with an E Street interchange and overpasses, reflecting the freeway's role in linking military sites like Tripler and while addressing the era's rapid urbanization. The westernmost 2.7 miles (from Aiea to Halawa) of the expanded Moanalua Road opened to traffic on , 1954. The easternmost 1.4 miles (from Halawa to Middle Street), signed initially as Hawaii Route 72, was completed and opened between 1959 and 1960.

Completion and Freeway Conversion (1970s)

Construction on the Moanalua Freeway resumed in 1971 with federal Interstate funding, focusing on widening and upgrading the route from Halawa to by adding lanes and interchanges to transform it into a full controlled-access facility. This effort built upon earlier partial developments, emphasizing the addition of viaducts over Red Hill and the installation of safety features such as median barriers to enhance traffic flow and security. The project marked a significant freeway conversion, rebuilding the existing alignment to modern standards with reduced curves and improved geometry for higher-speed travel. Funded primarily through the federal Interstate Highway program as part of the broader H-1 network, the work addressed growing suburban demands in the Aiea-to-Kalihi corridor, where the freeway served as the primary bypass until H-1's full completion in 1986. The entire 4.1-mile route was completed as a four-lane divided freeway on August 16, 1974, following upgrades that began in 1971 and completing the transition to a fully controlled-access facility signed initially as State Route 78. This opening immediately alleviated congestion on the parallel section of H-1 by diverting through traffic, improving overall efficiency in the urban core and supporting regional connectivity. The total estimated cost was $37 million (equivalent to approximately $220 million in dollars), reflecting investments in elevated structures and safety enhancements.

Interstate Designation and Signage (1980s–2000s)

The approved the addition of the Moanalua Freeway to the as on November 1, 1989, incorporating it into the national network to serve as a connector between and on Oahu. This designation addressed a nonconforming junction configuration where the existing Route 78 met H-1, creating navigational inconsistencies that the new auxiliary route numbering resolved by establishing a proper loop alignment. The Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT) subsequently sought formal numbering approval from the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), initially proposing H-1A in June 1990 (rejected) before resubmitting for H-101; AASHTO approved the even-digit prefix H-201 on December 8, 1990, recognizing its role as an auxiliary loop route despite Hawaii's non-contiguous location from the mainland Interstate system. Despite the federal designation, HDOT continued signing the route solely as State Route 78 throughout the , citing cost constraints for sign fabrication and installation, as well as concerns over the legibility of the unique four-character H-201 on overhead assemblies. This delay maintained familiarity with the longstanding Route 78 branding while the route functioned effectively within the local system, though it remained an unsigned Interstate in official logs. Full implementation of H-201 signage occurred in July 2004 during a broader HDOT roadway rehabilitation project, which prioritized the upgrade to align with federal standards and enhance visibility for the auxiliary connection. Following the 2004 signage rollout, HDOT conducted minor refreshes to H-201 route markers and destination signs in the , including upgrades under the Statewide Transportation Improvement Program to improve retroreflectivity and clarity at key interchanges. These updates focused on maintenance rather than expansion, with no major projects planned for the corridor as of 2025, reflecting its established role in linking H-1 and H-3 without anticipated growth in capacity.

Interchanges and Exits

Major Interchanges

The western terminus of is at the complex with (exit 13) and , with a connection to Route 99 () via the preceding 0.7-mile State Route 78 segment. This multi-level junction with flyover ramps handles approximately 50,000 vehicles daily (AADT as of 2023) on H-201, providing access to naval facilities and supporting military and commercial logistics in the Aiea area. At the H-3 junction (exit 1C), a trumpet interchange provides access to H-3 north toward Kaneohe via the Tetsuo Harano Memorial Tunnel. The interchange structure was completed in the 1970s, though full H-3 opened in 1997, serving H-1 traffic volumes of about 96,000 vehicles daily (AADT as of 2023) near Halawa. The eastern terminus connects to Interstate H-1 at exit 19 (Kahauiki Interchange) via direct ramps in a partial directional configuration, originally completed between 1959 and 1960 with upgrades in the 1970s to improve connectivity for airport-bound traffic. This supports transitions for travelers from Kalihi and Fort Shafter areas, with H-1 volumes near exit 19 at approximately 175,000 vehicles daily (AADT as of 2023), contributing to the route's role in alleviating pressure on central H-1 segments. Interstate H-201 adheres to full standards throughout, featuring 12-foot travel lanes, shoulders, and a posted of 55 mph to ensure safe operations in an urban setting. Due to 's seismic activity, the route includes reinforcements such as retrofitted structures at key interchanges to meet current earthquake-resistant criteria, as part of ongoing Hawaii Department of Transportation initiatives.

Exit List

Interstate H-201 features a compact system of interchanges as a short auxiliary loop connecting H-1's Halawa (exit 13) and Kahauiki (exit 19) interchanges, with exit numbering beginning at 1 post-Halawa and progressing sequentially eastward. The preceding segment to Route 99 is State Route 78. Most interchanges date to the 1950s-1960s construction, with upgrades in the . Although mile markers are posted along the route starting from 0.00 at the Halawa Interchange (western terminus of H-201), precise locations vary slightly by direction due to ramp configurations; the table below lists them approximately for eastbound travel, including destinations, road types, and relevant notes.
ExitMileDestinationsRoad TypesNotes
-0.00 (SR 78), Aiea, , local accessConnection via SR 78 west of Halawa; cloverleaf elements; opened 1954.
1A0.2H-1 east – , InterstateEastbound ramps from H-1 east and local roads; partial interchange.
1B0.3Halawa Avenue – HalawaLocal roadsEastbound/westbound ramps; opened 1950s.
1C0.4H-3 north – KaneoheInterstateEastbound on-ramp to H-3; partial interchange at Halawa complex; structure 1970s.
1E0.5Stadium Way, Ulune Street – , Halawa HeightsLocal roadsEastbound/westbound ramps; serves ; opened 1950s.
21.5Moanalua Road, Ala Kapuna Street – , Red Hill, Moanalua ValleyLocal roadsEastbound/westbound full access; serves residential and valley areas; opened .
32.5Puuloa Road (Route 7310) – Tripler Hospital, Moanalua, , local accessEastbound/westbound ramps; connects to Tripler area; opened .
43.5Ahua Street, Fort Shafter Way – , TriplerLocal roadsEastbound/westbound ramps; serves military facilities; opened .
-4.1H-1 east (Exit 19), Nimitz Highway, International InterstateEastern terminus; merges into H-1 eastbound via Middle Street Overpass; no numbered exit on H-201; opened 1959-1960.

References

  1. https://highways.dot.gov/highway-history/general-highway-history/rambler/ask-rambler-interstates-hawaii-are-we-crazy
  2. https://www.interstate-guide.com/i-h201/
  3. http://www.hawaiihighways.com/oahu-freeways-H201.htm
  4. http://www.hawaiihighways.com/FAQs-page4.htm#H-201
  5. https://hidot.hawaii.gov/highways/special-use-lanes/
  6. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/infrastructure/ismt/state_maps/states/hawaii.htm
  7. https://hidot.hawaii.gov/highways/update-on-h-1-freeway-and-h-201-moanalua-freeway-improvements-projects-across-o%25CA%25BBahu-aug-2025/
  8. https://hidot.hawaii.gov/highways/home/oahu/oahu-state-roads-and-highways/
  9. https://pearlharbor.org/directions/
  10. https://en-us.topographic-map.com/map-v7nq51/Halawa/
  11. https://hidot.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/2014_02_20_HDOT_Aiea_Pearl_City_PIM.pdf
  12. https://hidot.hawaii.gov/highways/files/2012/10/HDOT-Major-Improvements-Statewide-2011-Jan-2014.pdf
  13. https://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/economic/databook/2021-individual/18/182021.pdf
  14. https://cnrh.cnic.navy.mil/Operations-and-Management/Red-Hill/
  15. https://health.hawaii.gov/about/red-hill-water-information/
  16. https://tripler.tricare.mil/Getting-Care/Driving-Directions
  17. https://health.hawaii.gov/ust/files/2022/04/2021-09-Initial-Release-Resp-rept.pdf
  18. https://www.honolulumagazine.com/aieas-new-public-library-preserves-its-sugar-plantation-past/
  19. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/pnp/habshaer/hi/hi1000/hi1068/data/hi1068data.pdf
  20. http://www.honolulutraffic.com/Technical_reports/historic_resources.pdf
  21. https://www.ohadatabook.com/T01-35-11u.pdf
  22. https://www.army.mil/article/191568/tripler_past_and_present
  23. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/pnp/habshaer/hi/hi1000/hi1042/data/hi1042data.pdf
  24. https://hidot.hawaii.gov/highways/files/2025/02/Appendix-B-The-Island-of-Oahu-20241224.pdf
  25. http://www.gribblenation.org/2021/11/interstate-h-201-moanalua-freeway.html
  26. https://hidot.hawaii.gov/highways/files/2025/02/SHBIE-2024-Update-Report-20241224.pdf
  27. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/highwayhistory/data/page03.cfm
  28. https://www.kurumi.com/roads/3di/ix01.html
  29. https://www.gribblenation.org/2021/11/interstate-h-201-moanalua-freeway.html
  30. https://hidot.hawaii.gov/highways/files/2013/01/stip-Revision-10.pdf
  31. https://hidot.hawaii.gov/highways/h-1-and-h-201-freeway-improvements-to-continue-january-2025/
  32. https://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/economic/databook/2023-individual/18/181823.pdf
  33. https://hidot.hawaii.gov/highways/files/2015/05/150330-15-18-REV-1-APPROVED-reformatted-v3.pdf
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