This timeline outlines the delayed development and eventual recognition of Lamarr's and Antheil's frequency-hopping invention.
Initial Rejection by the U.S. Navy
World War II
Lamarr and Antheil offer their invention to the U.S. Navy, but it is initially dismissed. The Navy deems it impractical and suggests Lamarr use her celebrity status to sell war bonds instead.
Revival by Sylvania
1950s
The technology is revisited by engineers at Sylvania Electronic Systems Division in the 1950s. They recognize its potential for secure military communications.
First Deployment
1962
A modified version of the frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology is deployed on U.S. Navy ships during the Cuban Missile Crisis. It is used for secure radio communication.
Widespread Adoption
Late 20th Century
Frequency-hopping spread spectrum becomes a foundational technology for various wireless communication systems, including Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and CDMA cellular networks.
EFF Pioneer Award
1997
Hedy Lamarr and George Antheil are belatedly recognized for their invention. They receive the Electronic Frontier Foundation's Pioneer Award.
