Highways in the Czech Republic are managed by the state-owned Directorate of Highways and Motorways of the Czech Republic – ŘSD ČR. As of January 2015, ŘSD manages 1,501 km of motorways (dálnice) and 5,700 km of highways (silnice). The national speed limit is 130 km/h on motorways and 90 km/h on highways.

There are 2 main categories of state-owned roads in Czech Republic: motorways (dálnice) and highways (silnice).

This is the highest category of roads in the Czech Republic, forming the trunk of the road network. Their start and end are marked by white-on-green directional motorway signs and the informational signs on them and leading to them are green. They are designated by a number prefixed by the letter D and their road numbers are displayed on red rectangular shields. They are maintained by the state and the use of most of their sections is paid via electronic vignettes or toll, though bypasses of large towns and other sections that are used for local traffic tend to be exempt. An electronic vignette is compulsory unless stated otherwise. The national speed limit on motorways is 130 km/h outside urban areas and 80 km/h within urban areas. Similarly to other European countries they include at least 2 lanes in each direction, as well as an emergency lane on the right and auxiliary lanes for entering and leaving the motorway in intersections.

This category contains all remaining state-owned roads. The highway network is divided into three classes, which are distinguished by the number of digits in the highway number. First and second class roads have blue rectangular signs placed on them and their road numbers displayed on a blue background. The class number can be optionally stated in roman numerals in front of the road number, separated by a slash. No electronic vignette is needed on highways, only truck electronic toll is on selected highway sections. The national speed limit on highways is 90 km/h, reduced to 50 km/h in urban areas, with dual carriageways having the same 90 km/h national speed limit unless stated otherwise.

First class roads (silnice I. třídy) are designated by an up to two-digit number and are owned by the state.

Second class roads (silnice II. třídy) are designated by a three-digit number and are owned by the regions. The first digit identifies the general location of the route:

Third class roads (silnice III. třídy) are also owned by the regions. These are designated by four to five-digit numbers, where the first three digits are the number of a nearby higher class road, padded by zeroes if less than three digits. The road numbers are not marked on most maps and road signs.

Some sections of highways have their start and end marked by blue road for motorcars signs. These roads are off-limits for other kinds of traffic. The national speed limit is 110 km/h, reduced to 80 km/h in urban areas. As they form parts of existing highways and are not a road system on their own, they do not have any specific numbering system. Thus blue informational road signs and road numbers on blue background are used outside built-up areas and white informational road signs within built-up areas.