Hitchiti

Hitchiti (/hɪˈtʃɪti/ hih-CHIH-tee) was a tribal town in what is now the Southeast United States. It was one of several towns whose people spoke the Hitchiti language. It was first known as part of the Apalachicola Province, an association of tribal towns along the Chattahoochee River. Shortly after 1690, the towns of Apalachicola Province moved to the central part of present-day Georgia, with Hitchiti joining most of those towns along Ochese Creek (now named the Ocmulgee River). In 1715, most of the towns on Ochese Creek, including Hitchiti, moved back to the Chattahoochee River, where the town remained until its people were forced to move to Indian Territory as part of the Trail of Tears.

The Spanish recorded the name of the town as "Achito", "Ahachito", "Euchitto", and, possibly, "Ayfitichi", while it was known to the English as "Echete", "Echeetes", and "Hitchiti". According to Gatschet and Swanton, "Hitchiti" was derived from Atcik-ha′ta or Ahi′tcita. Hitchiti was only one of several tribal towns whose members primarily spoke the Hitchiti language. Other Hitchiti-speaking towns included Apalachicola, Oconee, Osuchi, and Ocmulque, and possibly Chiacahuti, Talipaste, Ylapi, Tacusa, and Sabacola. The people of those towns were collectively referred to as "Hitchiti".

The tribal town of Hitchiti first appeared in Spanish reports (as Ahachito) in 1675 as part of the Apalachicola Province along the Chattahoochee River. In the first half of the 17th century, a number of towns were situated along 160 kilometres (100 mi) of the Chattahoochee River in Alabama and Georgia, from the south of the falls at present-day Columbus to Barbour County, Alabama. Archaeological evidence indicates that the material culture of the 17th century lower Chattahoochee region had developed in place over several centuries. The ancestors of at least some of the people in the area may have been there as early as 12,000 years ago. A variant of the Lamar regional culture, with influences from the Fort Walton culture to the south, developed in the towns along the Chattahoochee between 1300 and 1400.

A major change in ceramic types at sites along the Chattahoochee occurred between 1550 and 1650. There is also evidence of a large drop in the population in the area. The de Soto expedition in the 1540s did not enter the Chattahoochee Valley, but appears to have caused many deaths there due to epidemics of European and African diseases introduced by the Spaniards. Some archaeologists state that only two population centers survived along the Chattahoochee in the late 16th century, situated on opposite sides of the river south of the falls at Columbus. Both sites had large platform mounds, and may have served as ceremonial centers. While some archaeologists believe that some sites along the Chattahoochee remained stable population centers, and became sites of later population expansion, other archaeologists believe that there were significant influxes of other people into the Chattahoochee Valley, changing the material culture of the area.

Muscogee language-speaking people from the Coosa and Tallapoosa areas in Alabama may have moved into the Chattahoochee valley during the middle part of the 17th century. Folklore of the Lower Towns of the Muscogee Confederacy supports an interpretation of Muscogee-speaking immigrants joining a Hitchiti-speaking resident population, with the Chattahoochee River area including both Hitchiti- and Muscogee-speaking towns by the later 16th century. Speakers of the Koasati language, Apalachee people, and people known as Chisca or Yuchi also settled in the Chattahoochee towns in the later 17th century.

John Worth placed the town of Hitchiti on the eastern (Georgia) side of the Chattahoochee River in the late 17th century, possibly at archaeological site 9Ce1 in Chattahoochee County, Georgia. That site was just south of the Muscogee-speaking towns of Coweta, Cusseta, and Kolomi.

Late in the 17th century all of the towns on the Chattahoochee River moved to central Georgia, primarily to what the English then called Ochese Creek, now called the Ocmulgee River. One map from 1715 showed a town with the name "Ewches" near present-day Macon, Georgia. Another map showed a town called "Echeetes" in the same area. "Ewches" may have been a mis-transcription of "Ochisi", "Yuchi", or "Echeetes", but "Echeetes" is understood to be "Hitchiti". Worth identifies "Ewches" with archaeological site 9Bi22, and "Echeetes" with the cluster of sites 9Bi7, 9Bi8, and 9Bi9, all in Bibb County, Georgia. After the Yemassee War in 1715, almost all of the towns formerly from Apalachicola Province moved back to the Chattahoochee River.

Hitchiti was one of the towns of the old Apalachicola Province that returned to the Chattahoochee River after the Yemassee War. Diego Peña traveled to the towns on the Chattahoochee River in 1716 on a mission from the governor of Spanish Florida. He reported Achito (Hitchiti) to be located between the towns of Apalachicola and Okmulgue, and to have 54 "warriors". Two leaders from the town of Hitchiti were among the Muscogee Confederacy chiefs who met Georgia Governor James Oglethorpe in Savannah in 1733. The next year, in 1734, Ysques, casique of Achito (Hitchiti), together with the casiques of Coweto, Cussetta and Apalachicola, traveled to St. Augustine to explore the revival of an alliance with the Spanish. The town of Hitchiti may have moved to different sites along the Chattahoochee River after 1715. Site 1Ru70, in Russell County, Alabama, may have been occupied by people of Hitchiti in the 1740s.