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IBM Information Management System
The IBM Information Management System (IMS) is a joint hierarchical database and information management system that supports transaction processing. Development began in 1966 to keep track of the bill of materials for the Saturn V rocket of the Apollo program, and the first version on the IBM System/360 Model 65 was completed in 1967 as ICS/DL/I and officially installed in August 1968.
IBM rebranded it IMS/360 in 1969, and ported it to new platforms as they emerged. In 1988, the company claimed that there were 7,000 IMS sites active worldwide. and went on to see extensive use and continual improvement to this day. IMS's most successful year in terms of sales was in 2003, 35 years after it was released. It was in use by over 95% of the Fortune 1000.
IMS ultimately traces its history to a 1963 contract from NASA to help control the continual list of changes being made to the Apollo command and service module at the North American Rockwell (NAR) plants in Downey, California (Los Angeles area). IBM sent Uri Berman to build an application to track the latest change number for any given part on NAR's IBM 7010 mainframe computer.
Working with Rockwell's Pete Nordyke, they developed a system based on the recently introduced hard disk which could be queried by NAR's network of computer terminals spread through the engineering department. The database stored the parts number and their latest revisions, which ensured that any changes being made by the engineers were being applied to the latest version of any related parts, which they could find by looking up the relationships between the parts in the database.
The resulting system, known as DATE for "Disk Applications in a Teleprocessing Environment", was flexible due to Berman's decision to separate the portions of the system responsible for the physical storage on disk with the portions that handled user interaction. The user interaction side was realized to be a separate concept and began to be known as DL/1, for "Data Language/One". The system was installed on the 7010 in 1965.
By the time DATE was running, the 7010 was obsolete and the entire 7000 series was replaced by the System/360 family. NAR selected the IBM System/360 Model 65 as their replacement for the 7010. As part of a port to the 360, IBM proposed an extended version of the DATE concept that could further develop the storage side of the system to allow the data format to be defined separately from the DL/1 side that would query it. This would allow the same system to be used for any sort of data by changing what would today be known as the data definition. Rockwell management was skeptical, but the technical manager, Robert Brown, was a former IBM employee and eventually came to support the concept based on the promise that it would allow it to be more easily ported.
The first formal definition was written in 1966. The team was expanded with twelve people from IBM, ten from NAR, and three from Caterpillar Tractor who also planned to use the system. The new system was known as ICS/DL/I, for "Information Control System and Data Language/Interface" The first version was completed in 1967, and officially installed at NAR on 14 August 1968 when the first "READY" message appeared on an NAR IBM 2740 terminal.
The next year, IBM put the product on the market after rebranding it IMS/360. It has been developed and expanded continually since then, as IBM System/360 technology evolved into the current z/OS and IBM zEnterprise System technologies. In 1988, as part of its 20th year of use, IBM announced that IMS was in use at 7,000 locations. In From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog, Martin Campbell-Kelly put the number at 30,000 at the end of 1989, although Db2 revenue by then had grown to equal IMS's.
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IBM Information Management System
The IBM Information Management System (IMS) is a joint hierarchical database and information management system that supports transaction processing. Development began in 1966 to keep track of the bill of materials for the Saturn V rocket of the Apollo program, and the first version on the IBM System/360 Model 65 was completed in 1967 as ICS/DL/I and officially installed in August 1968.
IBM rebranded it IMS/360 in 1969, and ported it to new platforms as they emerged. In 1988, the company claimed that there were 7,000 IMS sites active worldwide. and went on to see extensive use and continual improvement to this day. IMS's most successful year in terms of sales was in 2003, 35 years after it was released. It was in use by over 95% of the Fortune 1000.
IMS ultimately traces its history to a 1963 contract from NASA to help control the continual list of changes being made to the Apollo command and service module at the North American Rockwell (NAR) plants in Downey, California (Los Angeles area). IBM sent Uri Berman to build an application to track the latest change number for any given part on NAR's IBM 7010 mainframe computer.
Working with Rockwell's Pete Nordyke, they developed a system based on the recently introduced hard disk which could be queried by NAR's network of computer terminals spread through the engineering department. The database stored the parts number and their latest revisions, which ensured that any changes being made by the engineers were being applied to the latest version of any related parts, which they could find by looking up the relationships between the parts in the database.
The resulting system, known as DATE for "Disk Applications in a Teleprocessing Environment", was flexible due to Berman's decision to separate the portions of the system responsible for the physical storage on disk with the portions that handled user interaction. The user interaction side was realized to be a separate concept and began to be known as DL/1, for "Data Language/One". The system was installed on the 7010 in 1965.
By the time DATE was running, the 7010 was obsolete and the entire 7000 series was replaced by the System/360 family. NAR selected the IBM System/360 Model 65 as their replacement for the 7010. As part of a port to the 360, IBM proposed an extended version of the DATE concept that could further develop the storage side of the system to allow the data format to be defined separately from the DL/1 side that would query it. This would allow the same system to be used for any sort of data by changing what would today be known as the data definition. Rockwell management was skeptical, but the technical manager, Robert Brown, was a former IBM employee and eventually came to support the concept based on the promise that it would allow it to be more easily ported.
The first formal definition was written in 1966. The team was expanded with twelve people from IBM, ten from NAR, and three from Caterpillar Tractor who also planned to use the system. The new system was known as ICS/DL/I, for "Information Control System and Data Language/Interface" The first version was completed in 1967, and officially installed at NAR on 14 August 1968 when the first "READY" message appeared on an NAR IBM 2740 terminal.
The next year, IBM put the product on the market after rebranding it IMS/360. It has been developed and expanded continually since then, as IBM System/360 technology evolved into the current z/OS and IBM zEnterprise System technologies. In 1988, as part of its 20th year of use, IBM announced that IMS was in use at 7,000 locations. In From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog, Martin Campbell-Kelly put the number at 30,000 at the end of 1989, although Db2 revenue by then had grown to equal IMS's.