Ḥasan Ibn al-Haytham, later known in the West as Alhazen, was born in Basra, which was then a major intellectual center of the Abbasid Caliphate. Details about his immediate family are sparse, and it is only known that his full name was Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham.

During his early years, Ibn al-Haytham received a comprehensive education, typical of the period for someone of his presumed social standing. This included studying Islamic law, theology, and various branches of the sciences and philosophy. The intellectual environment of Basra provided a stimulating foundation for his later pursuits.

Some historical accounts suggest that Ibn al-Haytham may have held some administrative or government position in Basra. Specific details are scarce, but this implies a level of recognition and competence within his community.

Motivated by his intellectual curiosity and a rumored boast about regulating the Nile's floods, Ibn al-Haytham traveled to Cairo at the invitation of the Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. Upon seeing the Nile, he realized his initial ideas were impractical. Al-Hakim then appointed him to an administrative position, which Ibn al-Haytham feigned madness to avoid, fearing the Caliph's capricious nature. He remained under house arrest (or restricted living) after that for a significant period.

Ibn al-Haytham lived in Cairo until his death, reportedly dedicating his time to scientific research, writing, and teaching. Specifics regarding his passing, including the exact year and cause of death, are debated, but most scholars place it around 1041 CE.