Icebreakers of Russia

There is a disagreement as to whether the Russia first "true" icebreaker was Pilot (manufactured in Great Britain in 1862, whose ice-breaking capabilities were enhanced in Russia in 1864) or genuinely first 1898 Arctic ice-faring icebreaker Yermak.^[1]

Classification

In Russia, icebreakers are classified in several ways, according to different criteria:^[2]^[3]

By purpose
- Leader icebreakers: The most powerful icebreakers that head ship caravans
- Line icebreakers: For guiding and towing of ships on sea routes, for freeing ice-stuck ships
- Auxiliary icebreakers: for work in ports, river mouths, and for emergency rescue operations
By ice passability:
- heavy icebreakers can break through ice up to 2 m thick
- medium icebreakers, for ice from 1 to 1.5 m thick
- light icebreakers, for ice less than 1 m thick
By power type:
- Steam engine; obsolete, unused
- Diesel-electric engine; the most common type
- Nuclear-powered icebreakers
By operating method
- Ice-cutting. These ships existed in 19th-20th centuries, and for them the term "icecutter" [ru] was used in Russia^[4]
- Ice-breaking
By operational area
- River icebreakers
- Marine icebreakers
- Port icebreakers

The official classification of a particular vessel may be found in the database of the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping.^[3]

The following lists include icebreakers owned and/or operated by either governmental or commercial entities. Ships known to be currently in service are presented in bold.^[5]^[6]

Nuclear-powered icebreakers

The following ships are nuclear-powered icebreakers;

Lenin (1959–1989; museum ship in Murmansk)
Arktika class
- Arktika (1975–2008; ex-Leonid Brezhnev, ex-Arktika; decommissioned)^[7]
- Sibir (1977–1992; decommissioned)^[7]
- Rossiya (1985–2013; decommissioned)^[7]^[8]
- Sovetskiy Soyuz (1990–2014; decommissioned)^[9]^[10]
- Yamal (1992–)
- 50 Let Pobedy (2007–)
Taymyr class
- Taymyr (1989–)
- Vaygach (1990–)
Project 22220
- Arktika (2020–)^[11]
- Sibir (2021–)^[12]
- Ural (2022–)^[13]
- Yakutiya (2024–)^[14]
- Chukotka (2026– (planned); under construction)^[15]
- Leningrad (2028– (planned); under construction)^[16]
- Stalingrad (2030– (planned); under construction)^[17]
Project 10510
- Rossiya (2030– (planned); under construction)^[18]

Diesel-powered icebreakers

The following ships are/were fitted with diesel engines for powering their propulsion;

Wind class
- Severny Veter (1944–1951; ex-USCGC Staten Island; returned to the United States)
- Severniy Polyus (1945–1951; ex-USS Westwind; returned to the United States)
- Admiral Makarov (1945–1949; ex-USCGC Southwind; returned to the United States)
Kapitan Belousov class
- Kapitan Belousov (1954–1991; sold to Ukraine)^[19]
- Kapitan Voronin (1955–1996; broken up)^[20]
- Kapitan Melekhov (1956–1994; broken up)^[21]
Moskva class
- Moskva (1959–1998; broken up)^[22]
- Leningrad (1960–1993; broken up)^[23]
- Kiev (1965–1993; broken up)^[24]
- Murmansk (1968–1995; broken up)^[25]
- Vladivostok (1969–1997; broken up)^[26]
Civilian variants of Dobrynya Nikitich class (Project 97A)
- Vasiliy Pronchishchev (1961–1989; ex-Ledokol-1; broken up)^[27]
- Afanasy Nikitin (1962–1992; ex-Ledokol-2; passed over to Ukraine)^[28]
- Khariton Laptev (1962–1996; ex-Ledokol-3; broken up)^[29]
- Vasiliy Poyarkov (1963–1988; ex-Ledokol-4; broken up)^[30]
- Yerofey Khabarov (1963–1993; ex-Ledokol-5; broken up)^[31]
- Ivan Kruzenstern (1964–; ex-Ledokol-6)^[32]
- Vladimir Rusanov (1964–1988; ex-Ledokol-7; broken up)^[33]
- Semyon Chelyuskin (1965–1988; ex-Ledokol-8; broken up)^[34]
- Yuriy Lisyanskiy (1965–2021; ex-Ledokol-9; to be broken up)^[35]
- Fyodor Litke (1970–2013; broken up)^[36]
- Ivan Moskvitin (1971–1997; broken up)^[37]
- Semyon Dezhnev (1971–)^[38]
Ermak class
- Ermak (1974–2021; broken up)^[39]
- Admiral Makarov (1975–)
- Krasin (1976–)
Kapitan M. Izmaylov class
- Kapitan M. Izmaylov (1976–)
- Kapitan Kosolapov (1976–)
- Kapitan A. Radzhabov (1976–1992; transferred to Azerbaijan)
Kapitan Sorokin class
- Kapitan Sorokin (1977–; fitted with Thyssen-Waas bow in 1991)
- Kapitan Nikolaev (1978–; rebuilt in 1990)
- Kapitan Dranitsyn (1980–)
- Kapitan Khlebnikov (1981–)
Kapitan Chechkin class
- Kapitan Chechkin (1977–)
- Kapitan Plakhin (1977–)
- Kapitan Chadaev (1978–)
- Kapitan Krutov (1978–)
- Kapitan Bukaev (1978–)
- Kapitan Zarubin (1978–)
Mudyug class
- Mudyug (1982–; fitted with Thyssen-Waas bow in 1986)
- Magadan (1982–)
- Dikson (1983–)
Kapitan Evdokimov class
- Kapitan Evdokimov (1983–)
- Kapitan Babichev (1983–)
- Kapitan Chudinov (1983–)
- Kapitan Borodkin (1983–)
- Avraamiy Zavenyagin (1984–)
- Kapitan Mecaik (1984–)
- Kapitan Deminov (1984–)
- Kapitan Moshkin (1986–)
Tor (2000–; purchased from Sweden)^[40]
Karu (2002–2020; ex-Karhu, ex-Kapitan Chubakov; purchased from Estonia; broken up)
Dudinka (2006–; ex-Apu; purchased from Finland)
Project 21900
- Moskva (2008–)
- Sankt-Peterburg (2009–)
Project 21900M
- Vladivostok (2015–)
- Murmansk (2015–)^[41]
- Novorossiysk (2016–)^[42]
Ob (2019–)^[43]
Georgiy Sedov (2019–; ex-Antarcticaborg; purchased from Kazakhstan)
Viktor Chernomyrdin (2020–)^[44]
Project 21900M2
- Unnamed Project 21900M2 icebreaker (construction stopped as of 2021)^[45]
- Unnamed Project 21900M2 icebreaker (2028– (current estimate); under construction)^[46]
Project 23620
- Unnamed Project 23620 icebreaker (2024– (original plan); ordered)^[47]^[48]
- Unnamed Project 23620 icebreaker (2024– (original plan); ordered)^[47]
Project 22740M
- Unnamed Project 22740M icebreaker (under construction)^[49]
- Unnamed Project 22740M icebreaker (under construction)^[50]

Steam-powered icebreakers

The following icebreakers were powered by steam;

Pilot (built in 1862; modified and operated as an icebreaker: 1864–1890; broken up?)
Ledokol 1 (1890–1915; later converted to a gunboat)^[51]^[52]^[53]
Ledokol 2 (1895–1923; handed over to Latvia)^[51]
Saratovskiy Ledokol (1895–1968; sunk)^[54]
Nadeshnyy (1897–1924; later converted to a gunboat)^[51]
Yermak (1899–1963; scrapped, despite efforts to preserve it as a museum piece^[55])
Gaydamak (1898–1930; broken up)^[51]
Ledokol 3 (1899–1923; broken up)^[51]^[56]
Ledokol IV (1907–1942; sunk by Germans)^[51]
A. Sibiryakov (1909–1942; sunk by Germans)
Vaygach (1909–1918; sank in 1918)
Taymyr (1909–1950s?; broken up)
Silatch (1910–1918, 1922–late 1950s; broken up)
Malygin (1912–1940; sunk in 1940)
Volynets (1914–1918, 1940–1985; ex-Tsar' Mikhail Fyodorovich, ex-Wäinämöinen, ex-Suur Tõll; sold to Estonia in 1987)
Fyodor Litke (1914–1958; ex-CGC Earl Grey; broken up)
Georgiy Sedov (1915–1967; ex-Beothic (1909–1915); broken up)
Sadko (1915–1941; ex-Lintrose (1912–1915); sank in 1941)
Mikula Seleaninovich (1916–1918)^[51]
Ledokol V (1916–1941; sank in 1941)^[57]
Ledokol VI (1916–1961; broken up)^[58]
Ledokol VII (1916–1954; broken up)^[59]
Ledokol VIII (1917–1961; broken up)^[60]
Ledokol IX (1917–1932; sank in White Sea)^[61]
Krasin (1917–1971; extensively rebuilt in 1953–1960, now a museum ship in St. Petersburg)
Lenin (1917–1968; broken up)
Stepan Makarov (1917–1941; sunk)
Toros (1929–1964)^[51]
Sibir (1938–1973; ex-I. Stalin (−1961); broken up)
Admiral Lazarev (1938–1967; ex-L. Kaganovich (−1951); broken up)
Admiral Makarov (1941–1967; ex-V. Molotov (−1956); broken up)
A. Mikoyan (1941–1968; broken up)
Malygin (1945–1970; ex-Voima; broken up)
Sibiryakov (1945–1972; ex-Jääkarhu; broken up)
Alyosha Popovich (1945–1970; ex-Eisvogel; decommissioned and abandoned off Russky Island)
Ilya Muromets (1946–1979; ex-Eisbär; broken up in 1981)^[62]
Peresvet (1951–1980; ex-Castor; decommissioned and abandoned off Reyneke Island)

References

^ Понкратов Д. В., Мартинес Х. П. (2020). "Как выглядел "Пайлот"?". Гангут (in Russian) (120): 3–12. ISSN 2218-7553.
^ Ледокол
^ ^a ^b Классификация Российского морского регистра судоходства (Classification of the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping)
^ ЛЕДОРЕЗ, citing Военно-морской словарь. — Moscow, 1990.
^ Ilmari Aro (17 November 2008). "THE WORLD ICEBREAKER AND ICEBREAKING SUPPLY VESSEL FLEET" (PDF). Baltic Icebreaking Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
^ Major icebreakers of the world. USCG Office of Waterways and Ocean Policy. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
^ ^a ^b ^c Russia prepares to dismantle first nuclear icebreaker ever. Bellona, 14 November 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-16.
^ Russian nuclear icebreaker Rossiya taking last voyage along Norway’s coast. Bellona, 11 April 2013. Retrieved 2016-11-16.
^ Northern Sea Route. Rosatom. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
^ "Росатомфлот" начал процесс утилизации атомных ледоколов. Life, 19 December 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
^ "На ледоколе "Арктика" поднят российский флаг" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
^ "Baltiysky Zavod shipyard delivers Sibir, first serial icebreaker of Project 22220, to Atomflot". PortNews. 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ "На ледоколе "Урал" прошла церемония поднятия флага" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
^ "На построенном ОСК атомном ледоколе "Якутия" поднят государственный флаг" (in Russian). 28 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
^ "Балтзавод заложил атомоход проекта 22220 "Чукотка"" (in Russian). PortNews. 16 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
^ "Пятый серийный атомный ледокол проекта 22220 получит название «Ленинград»". Media Paluba (in Russian). 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
^ "На Балтийском заводе начата резка металла для универсального атомного ледокола Сталинград проекта 22220" [Metal cutting for the universal nuclear icebreaker Stalingrad of Project 22220 has begun at the Baltic Shipyard]. Neftegaz.ru (in Russian). 7 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
^ "Срок выпуска атомного ледокола «Россия» сдвинули на 2030 год" [The release date of the nuclear-powered icebreaker Rossiya has been pushed back to 2030]. Kommersant (in Russian). 20 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
^ "Kapitan Belousov (5181598)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
^ "Kapitan Voronin (5181689)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
^ "Kapitan Meheklov (5181639)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
^ "Moskva (5242495)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
^ "Leningrad (5206104)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
^ "Kiev (6424040)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
^ "Murmansk (6723678)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
^ "Vladivostok (6822786)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
^ "Василий Прончищев". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
^ "Афанасий Никитин". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
^ "Харитон Лаптев". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
^ "Пояр". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
^ "Ерофей Хабаров". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
^ "Ivan Kruzenstern (640380)". Register of ships. Russian Maritime Register of Shipping. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
^ "Vlad". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
^ "Семён Челюскин". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
^ "Росморпорт готов заплатить до 26 млн рублей за утилизацию ледокола "Юрий Лисянский"" (in Russian). PortNews. 24 January 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
^ "Fyodor Litke (7020085)". Equasis. Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
^ "Иван Москвитин". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
^ "Semyon Dezhnev (7119446)". Equasis. Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
^ "Ермак". FleetPhoto (in Russian). Retrieved 12 January 2024.
^ "Tor (5418197)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
^ Vyborg Shipyard starts building hull of 21900M icebreaker "Novorossiysk" for Rosmorport (photo). PortNews, 8 May 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
^ FSUE Rosmorport takes delivery of Novorossiysk, icebreaker built by Vyborg Shipyard (photo). PortNews, 26 December 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
^ "The icebreaker "Ob" built for work in Sabetta will be delivered to the customer". Sever-Press. 18 October 2019. Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
^ "Acceptance/delivery certificate signed for Victor Chernomyrdin icebreaker". PortNews. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
^ "Sietas (Германия) заложила ледокол мощностью 18 МВт для ФГУП "Росморпорт"". PortNews. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
^ "IAA PortNews' interview with Aleksandr Solovyov, General Director of Vyborg Shipyard". PortNews. 7 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Onego Shipyard to build Project 23620 LNG-fueled icebreaker duo for Rosmorport". PortNews. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
^ "Reconstruction plan of the Onega Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Plant". VPK. 19 July 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
^ "Судостроители Петрозаводска заложили первый в истории Карелии ледокол" (in Russian). Интернет-газета «СТОЛИЦА на Onego.ru». 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
^ "Заложен второй мелкосидящий ледокол проекта 22740М" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 15 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Andrienko, Vladimir Grigorievich (2017), Ледокольный флот России 1860–е – 1918 гг., Litres, ISBN 978-545-76850-6-2
^ Портовые и многоцелевые ледоколы. Retrieved 2018-12-25.
^ Holmen VIII. Tugboatlars.se. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
^ Ледокол "Саратов" планируют поднять со дна Волги в декабре. Retrieved 2015-10-09.
^ Сначала срезали имя, потом сняли орден
^ Ledokol 3 1899. Tyne Built Ships. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
^ "Ledokol V (18155)". Scottish Built Ships database. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
^ "Ledokol VI (23869)". Scottish Built Ships database. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
^ Ledokol VII 1916. Tyne Built Ships. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
^ "Ledokol VIII (23878)". Scottish Built Ships database. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
^ Ledokol IX 1917. Tyne Built Ships. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
^ Илья Муромец (Eisbar). FESCO. Retrieved 2018-12-24.

External links

MAJOR ICEBREAKERS OF THE WORLD, a USCG table, year 2017 version. Lists 61 Russian ships, of which 11 were under construction and 4 planned

[gangut-1] Понкратов Д. В., Мартинес Х. П. (2020). "Как выглядел "Пайлот"?". Гангут (in Russian) (120): 3–12. ISSN 2218-7553.

[2] Ледокол

[regbook-3] Классификация Российского морского регистра судоходства (Classification of the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping)

[dobro-4] ЛЕДОРЕЗ, citing Военно-морской словарь. — Moscow, 1990.

[5] Ilmari Aro (17 November 2008). "THE WORLD ICEBREAKER AND ICEBREAKING SUPPLY VESSEL FLEET" (PDF). Baltic Icebreaking Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2010.

[6] Major icebreakers of the world. USCG Office of Waterways and Ocean Policy. Retrieved 2012-11-25.

[sibir_scrap-7] Russia prepares to dismantle first nuclear icebreaker ever. Bellona, 14 November 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-16.

[8] Russian nuclear icebreaker Rossiya taking last voyage along Norway’s coast. Bellona, 11 April 2013. Retrieved 2016-11-16.

[9] Northern Sea Route. Rosatom. Retrieved 2016-12-20.

[10] "Росатомфлот" начал процесс утилизации атомных ледоколов. Life, 19 December 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-20.

[sudostroenie_21oct2020-11] "На ледоколе "Арктика" поднят российский флаг" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.

[delivery_sibir-12] "Baltiysky Zavod shipyard delivers Sibir, first serial icebreaker of Project 22220, to Atomflot". PortNews. 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.

[delivery_ural-13] "На ледоколе "Урал" прошла церемония поднятия флага" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022.

[14] "На построенном ОСК атомном ледоколе "Якутия" поднят государственный флаг" (in Russian). 28 December 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.

[keel_5th-15] "Балтзавод заложил атомоход проекта 22220 "Чукотка"" (in Russian). PortNews. 16 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.

[16] "Пятый серийный атомный ледокол проекта 22220 получит название «Ленинград»". Media Paluba (in Russian). 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.

[17] "На Балтийском заводе начата резка металла для универсального атомного ледокола Сталинград проекта 22220" [Metal cutting for the universal nuclear icebreaker Stalingrad of Project 22220 has begun at the Baltic Shipyard]. Neftegaz.ru (in Russian). 7 May 2025. Retrieved 7 May 2025.

[18] "Срок выпуска атомного ледокола «Россия» сдвинули на 2030 год" [The release date of the nuclear-powered icebreaker Rossiya has been pushed back to 2030]. Kommersant (in Russian). 20 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.

[belousov-19] "Kapitan Belousov (5181598)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.

[20] "Kapitan Voronin (5181689)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.

[21] "Kapitan Meheklov (5181639)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.

[22] "Moskva (5242495)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.

[23] "Leningrad (5206104)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.

[24] "Kiev (6424040)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.

[25] "Murmansk (6723678)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.

[26] "Vladivostok (6822786)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.

[27] "Василий Прончищев". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.

[afanasy-28] "Афанасий Никитин". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.

[29] "Харитон Лаптев". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.

[30] "Пояр". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.

[31] "Ерофей Хабаров". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.

[32] "Ivan Kruzenstern (640380)". Register of ships. Russian Maritime Register of Shipping. Retrieved 2015-10-11.

[33] "Vlad". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.

[34] "Семён Челюскин". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.

[35] "Росморпорт готов заплатить до 26 млн рублей за утилизацию ледокола "Юрий Лисянский"" (in Russian). PortNews. 24 January 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.

[36] "Fyodor Litke (7020085)". Equasis. Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy. Retrieved 2012-11-25.

[37] "Иван Москвитин". FleetPhoto. Retrieved 14 March 2020.

[38] "Semyon Dezhnev (7119446)". Equasis. Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy. Retrieved 2012-11-25.

[39] "Ермак". FleetPhoto (in Russian). Retrieved 12 January 2024.

[tor-40] "Tor (5418197)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 2012-11-06.

[lk16-41] Vyborg Shipyard starts building hull of 21900M icebreaker "Novorossiysk" for Rosmorport (photo). PortNews, 8 May 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-11.

[42] FSUE Rosmorport takes delivery of Novorossiysk, icebreaker built by Vyborg Shipyard (photo). PortNews, 26 December 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-26.

[43] "The icebreaker "Ob" built for work in Sabetta will be delivered to the customer". Sever-Press. 18 October 2019. Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.

[portnews_30sep2020-44] "Acceptance/delivery certificate signed for Victor Chernomyrdin icebreaker". PortNews. 30 September 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.

[21900m2_keel-45] "Sietas (Германия) заложила ледокол мощностью 18 МВт для ФГУП "Росморпорт"". PortNews. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.

[46] "IAA PortNews' interview with Aleksandr Solovyov, General Director of Vyborg Shipyard". PortNews. 7 October 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.

[pr23620-47] "Onego Shipyard to build Project 23620 LNG-fueled icebreaker duo for Rosmorport". PortNews. 20 July 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.

[48] "Reconstruction plan of the Onega Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Plant". VPK. 19 July 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.

[49] "Судостроители Петрозаводска заложили первый в истории Карелии ледокол" (in Russian). Интернет-газета «СТОЛИЦА на Onego.ru». 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.

[50] "Заложен второй мелкосидящий ледокол проекта 22740М" (in Russian). Sudostroenie.info. 15 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.

[ibbook-51] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Andrienko, Vladimir Grigorievich (2017), Ледокольный флот России 1860–е – 1918 гг., Litres, ISBN 978-545-76850-6-2

[led1-52] Портовые и многоцелевые ледоколы. Retrieved 2018-12-25.

[53] Holmen VIII. Tugboatlars.se. Retrieved 2018-12-26.

[54] Ледокол "Саратов" планируют поднять со дна Волги в декабре. Retrieved 2015-10-09.

[55] Сначала срезали имя, потом сняли орден

[56] Ledokol 3 1899. Tyne Built Ships. Retrieved 2015-10-11.

[57] "Ledokol V (18155)". Scottish Built Ships database. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 2018-12-26.

[58] "Ledokol VI (23869)". Scottish Built Ships database. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 2018-12-26.

[59] Ledokol VII 1916. Tyne Built Ships. Retrieved 2015-10-11.

[60] "Ledokol VIII (23878)". Scottish Built Ships database. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved 2018-12-26.

[61] Ledokol IX 1917. Tyne Built Ships. Retrieved 2015-10-11.

[62] Илья Муромец (Eisbar). FESCO. Retrieved 2018-12-24.

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Icebreakers of Russia

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Icebreakers of Russia

Icebreakers of Russia

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Icebreakers of Russia

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Icebreakers of Russia

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Nuclear-powered icebreakers

Diesel-powered icebreakers

Steam-powered icebreakers

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