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Inês de Castro
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Inês de Castro
Inês de Castro (Portuguese pronunciation: [iˈneʒ ðɨ ˈkaʃtɾu]; in Castilian: Inés; 1325 – 7 January 1355) was a Galician noblewoman and courtier, best known as the lover and posthumously recognized wife of King Pedro I of Portugal.[citation needed] The dramatic circumstances of her relationship with Pedro (at the time Prince of Portugal), which was forbidden by his father Afonso IV of Portugal, her murder at the orders of Afonso, Pedro's bloody revenge on her killers, and the legend of the coronation of her exhumed corpse by Pedro, have made Inês de Castro a frequent subject of art, music, drama and poetry through the ages.
Inês was the natural daughter of Pedro Fernández de Castro, Lord of Lemos and Sarria, and his noble Portuguese mistress Aldonça Lourenço de Valadares. Her family descended from both the Galician and Portuguese nobilities. She was also well connected to the Castilian royal family, by illegitimate descent. Her stepmother was Infanta Beatriz of Portugal, the youngest daughter of Afonso of Portugal, Lord of Portalegre and Violante Manuel. Her grandmother was Violante Sánchez of Castile, Lady of Uzero, the illegitimate daughter of Sancho IV of Castile. Her great-great-grandfather was Rodrigo Alfonso de León, Lord of Aliger, the illegitimate son of Alfonso IX of León. She also descended from Infanta Sancha Henriques of Portugal, the daughter of Henry, Count of Portugal.
Little is known about Inês's youth with certainty. She was likely raised in the household of Teresa Martínez, wife of Afonso Sanches, Lord of Albuquerque, a natural son of Diniz of Portugal. According to traditional accounts, Inês arrived in Portugal in 1340 as a lady-in-waiting of Constance of Castile, newly wed to Infante Pedro, heir to the Portuguese throne. However, no surviving documentary evidence supports this narrative. Given her family's ties to Portugal, Inês may have already been established at the Portuguese court as a noblewoman before Constance’s arrival. Although the exact circumstances of her introduction are debated, scholars agree that Inês was a member of Constance's household.
Traditional narratives maintain that Infante Pedro fell in love with Inês and took her as his mistress while she was lady-in-waiting to his wife. Disapproving of his son's adultery, King Afonso IV is said to have banished Inês to Albuquerque in 1344.
Following Constance's death in 1349, Inês and Pedro lived together openly. In 1350, Inês gave birth to the couple's first child, Afonso. He was followed by John (b. 1352), Denis (b. 1353) and Beatrice (b. 1354). King Afonso attempted to arrange a second marriage to a foreign princess for his son, but Pedro refused.
Pedro also developed close relationships with Inês's brothers, Fernando Ruiz de Castro and Álvaro Pires de Castro. The brothers became increasingly influential in public affairs, causing intrigue among rival factions at the Portuguese court and threatening Portugal's neutrality in the Castilian Civil War. King Afonso IV grew concerned about the power the Castros wielded over the Infante.
After several attempts to keep the lovers apart, Afonso IV ordered Inês' death. Pêro Coelho, Álvaro Gonçalves, and Diogo Lopes Pacheco went to the Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Velha in Coimbra, where Inês was living at the time, and killed her, decapitating her in front of her small children.
Pedro became king of Portugal in 1357 (Pedro I of Portugal). He then sought out Inês' killers, who had gone into exile in Castile, and managed to capture Coelho and Gonçalves in 1361. He executed them publicly by ripping their hearts out, claiming they did not have one after having pulverized his own heart. He also stated that he had secretly married Inês, although his word was, and still is, the only proof of the marriage. During the 1383–85 Crisis of royal succession in Portugal, João das Regras produced evidence that allegedly established that Pope Innocent VI had refused Pedro's request to recognize his marriage to Inês and legitimize his children by her, the elder of whom, John, Duke of Valencia de Campos would have a strong potential claim to the throne of Portugal. By negating these children's claimed legitimacy, João das Regras strengthened the claim of another illegitimate child of Pedro I of Portugal: John, Master of Aviz, who ultimately took the throne and ruled as John I of Portugal.
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Inês de Castro
Inês de Castro (Portuguese pronunciation: [iˈneʒ ðɨ ˈkaʃtɾu]; in Castilian: Inés; 1325 – 7 January 1355) was a Galician noblewoman and courtier, best known as the lover and posthumously recognized wife of King Pedro I of Portugal.[citation needed] The dramatic circumstances of her relationship with Pedro (at the time Prince of Portugal), which was forbidden by his father Afonso IV of Portugal, her murder at the orders of Afonso, Pedro's bloody revenge on her killers, and the legend of the coronation of her exhumed corpse by Pedro, have made Inês de Castro a frequent subject of art, music, drama and poetry through the ages.
Inês was the natural daughter of Pedro Fernández de Castro, Lord of Lemos and Sarria, and his noble Portuguese mistress Aldonça Lourenço de Valadares. Her family descended from both the Galician and Portuguese nobilities. She was also well connected to the Castilian royal family, by illegitimate descent. Her stepmother was Infanta Beatriz of Portugal, the youngest daughter of Afonso of Portugal, Lord of Portalegre and Violante Manuel. Her grandmother was Violante Sánchez of Castile, Lady of Uzero, the illegitimate daughter of Sancho IV of Castile. Her great-great-grandfather was Rodrigo Alfonso de León, Lord of Aliger, the illegitimate son of Alfonso IX of León. She also descended from Infanta Sancha Henriques of Portugal, the daughter of Henry, Count of Portugal.
Little is known about Inês's youth with certainty. She was likely raised in the household of Teresa Martínez, wife of Afonso Sanches, Lord of Albuquerque, a natural son of Diniz of Portugal. According to traditional accounts, Inês arrived in Portugal in 1340 as a lady-in-waiting of Constance of Castile, newly wed to Infante Pedro, heir to the Portuguese throne. However, no surviving documentary evidence supports this narrative. Given her family's ties to Portugal, Inês may have already been established at the Portuguese court as a noblewoman before Constance’s arrival. Although the exact circumstances of her introduction are debated, scholars agree that Inês was a member of Constance's household.
Traditional narratives maintain that Infante Pedro fell in love with Inês and took her as his mistress while she was lady-in-waiting to his wife. Disapproving of his son's adultery, King Afonso IV is said to have banished Inês to Albuquerque in 1344.
Following Constance's death in 1349, Inês and Pedro lived together openly. In 1350, Inês gave birth to the couple's first child, Afonso. He was followed by John (b. 1352), Denis (b. 1353) and Beatrice (b. 1354). King Afonso attempted to arrange a second marriage to a foreign princess for his son, but Pedro refused.
Pedro also developed close relationships with Inês's brothers, Fernando Ruiz de Castro and Álvaro Pires de Castro. The brothers became increasingly influential in public affairs, causing intrigue among rival factions at the Portuguese court and threatening Portugal's neutrality in the Castilian Civil War. King Afonso IV grew concerned about the power the Castros wielded over the Infante.
After several attempts to keep the lovers apart, Afonso IV ordered Inês' death. Pêro Coelho, Álvaro Gonçalves, and Diogo Lopes Pacheco went to the Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Velha in Coimbra, where Inês was living at the time, and killed her, decapitating her in front of her small children.
Pedro became king of Portugal in 1357 (Pedro I of Portugal). He then sought out Inês' killers, who had gone into exile in Castile, and managed to capture Coelho and Gonçalves in 1361. He executed them publicly by ripping their hearts out, claiming they did not have one after having pulverized his own heart. He also stated that he had secretly married Inês, although his word was, and still is, the only proof of the marriage. During the 1383–85 Crisis of royal succession in Portugal, João das Regras produced evidence that allegedly established that Pope Innocent VI had refused Pedro's request to recognize his marriage to Inês and legitimize his children by her, the elder of whom, John, Duke of Valencia de Campos would have a strong potential claim to the throne of Portugal. By negating these children's claimed legitimacy, João das Regras strengthened the claim of another illegitimate child of Pedro I of Portugal: John, Master of Aviz, who ultimately took the throne and ruled as John I of Portugal.
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