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Jamal ul-Azam
Jamal ul-Azam (d. 1881), also spelled Jamalul Azam, was the sultan of Sulu from 1862 to 1881. He was infamous for his maintenance of extensive contracts with British and German traders. These were done to counter Spanish dominance in Mindanao. In 1878, he allowed Gustav Overbeck to have north Borneo.
To subside hostilities between Sulus and the Spanish military, he was convinced to sign a peace treaty on July 1878.
The French doctor Joseph Montano gave an account of his court. During his time of visit, the sultan and his court were conducting shooting exercises. Montano commented that the sultan was accompanied by his son Brahamuddin. During the conduct of their discussion, they proceeded to the audience hall accompanied by his Afghan religious adviser.
His manners was described by the French doctor as cordial and dignified. He also further added the sultan has a keen interest in geopolitics.
He described both Sultan Jamalul Azam and his son as:
...magnificently dressed in the richest satins from China; their kris and their rings are adorned with beautiful stones; their surroundings show much less luxury, except perhaps for the kris with finely chiselled handles are encrusted with pearls, diamonds and rubies...
— Joseph Montano, Voyage aux Philippines et en Malaisie (1886)
After Captain Pascual Cervera took control of Jolo, the datus and Sultan Jamalul Azam moved to Bud Datu and later to Likup. Due to Jolo falling into Spanish control, the datus formed a loyal party for the sultan. They viewed the establishment of the garrison in Jolo with hostility.
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Jamal ul-Azam
Jamal ul-Azam (d. 1881), also spelled Jamalul Azam, was the sultan of Sulu from 1862 to 1881. He was infamous for his maintenance of extensive contracts with British and German traders. These were done to counter Spanish dominance in Mindanao. In 1878, he allowed Gustav Overbeck to have north Borneo.
To subside hostilities between Sulus and the Spanish military, he was convinced to sign a peace treaty on July 1878.
The French doctor Joseph Montano gave an account of his court. During his time of visit, the sultan and his court were conducting shooting exercises. Montano commented that the sultan was accompanied by his son Brahamuddin. During the conduct of their discussion, they proceeded to the audience hall accompanied by his Afghan religious adviser.
His manners was described by the French doctor as cordial and dignified. He also further added the sultan has a keen interest in geopolitics.
He described both Sultan Jamalul Azam and his son as:
...magnificently dressed in the richest satins from China; their kris and their rings are adorned with beautiful stones; their surroundings show much less luxury, except perhaps for the kris with finely chiselled handles are encrusted with pearls, diamonds and rubies...
— Joseph Montano, Voyage aux Philippines et en Malaisie (1886)
After Captain Pascual Cervera took control of Jolo, the datus and Sultan Jamalul Azam moved to Bud Datu and later to Likup. Due to Jolo falling into Spanish control, the datus formed a loyal party for the sultan. They viewed the establishment of the garrison in Jolo with hostility.