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John Gregory Bourke
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John Gregory Bourke
John Gregory Bourke (/bɜːrk/; June 23, 1846 – June 8, 1896) John G Bourke was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Irish immigrant parents, Edward Joseph and Anna (Morton) Bourke, who emigrated from western Ireland. His early education was extensive and included Latin, Greek and Gaelic. He attended parochial schools and St. Josephs College, a Jesuit school.
He was a Captain in The United States Army, a prolific diarist, acclaimed author and internationally respected ethnologist. Bourke wrote several books about the American Old West, including ethnologies of its indigenous peoples. As a teenager he was awarded a Medal of Honor for his actions while a cavalryman in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Based on his service during the war, his commander nominated him to West Point, where he graduated in 1869, leading to service as an Army officer until his death in 1896. He is interred at Arlington National Cemetery.
John G. Bourke enlisted in the Fifteenth Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry in 1862, claiming to be nineteen years old when he was only sixteen at the time. He fought at the Battle of Stones River (December 31 - January 2) near Murfreesboro, TN. This was a bloody battle for both sides and John Bourke received a Medal of Honor for his "gallantry in action." Months later (September 18–20, 1863) he fought in the Battle of Chickamauga in northwest Georgia, another very bloody engagement.
After the end of the Civil War, John Bourke was nominated by Major General H. Thomas, his commander in the Army of the Cumberland, to be a cadet at the United States Military Academy. He entered West Point on October 17, 1865 and graduated on June 15, 1869, achieving the rank of Second Lieutenant.
On September 1, 1871, John Bourke was assigned as an Aide-de-Camp for Brevet Major General George Crook. He joined General Crook at Fort Whipple (Prescott, AZ) and then traveled extensively across the Arizona Territory in search of Native American groups that were considered troublesome to the miners, ranchers and settlers of the territory. In pursuit of his duties he visited several of the U.S. Army stations including Fort Whipple, Camp Lincoln (Fort Verde), Apache Camp, San Carlos Camp, Fort Grant and Camp McDowell. His routes included crossing the rugged wilderness of the Superstition and Mazatzal Mountains.
After several Yavapai and Apache groups had been captured and resettled, in 1875 John Bourke followed General Crook to the Department of The Platte at Fort Omaha, Nebraska. He was engaged in the battles at Rosebud Creek and Slim Buttes, enduring both fierce fighting and horrendous winter conditions in the Wyoming and Dakota territories.
General Crook was reassigned to the Arizona Territory in 1883 and John Bourke again followed him there. He participated in the second (1883) and third (1886) captures of Geronimo in Mexico.
As Crook's aide-de-camp, he had the opportunity to witness every facet of life in the Old West—the military battles, the settlers, the Native Americans, the geography and flora and fauna, internal military and government politics and Indian Agency issues. Bourke kept a diary in sequential journals throughout his adult life, documenting his observations in the West. He used these notes as the basis for his later monographs and writings.
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John Gregory Bourke
John Gregory Bourke (/bɜːrk/; June 23, 1846 – June 8, 1896) John G Bourke was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Irish immigrant parents, Edward Joseph and Anna (Morton) Bourke, who emigrated from western Ireland. His early education was extensive and included Latin, Greek and Gaelic. He attended parochial schools and St. Josephs College, a Jesuit school.
He was a Captain in The United States Army, a prolific diarist, acclaimed author and internationally respected ethnologist. Bourke wrote several books about the American Old West, including ethnologies of its indigenous peoples. As a teenager he was awarded a Medal of Honor for his actions while a cavalryman in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Based on his service during the war, his commander nominated him to West Point, where he graduated in 1869, leading to service as an Army officer until his death in 1896. He is interred at Arlington National Cemetery.
John G. Bourke enlisted in the Fifteenth Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry in 1862, claiming to be nineteen years old when he was only sixteen at the time. He fought at the Battle of Stones River (December 31 - January 2) near Murfreesboro, TN. This was a bloody battle for both sides and John Bourke received a Medal of Honor for his "gallantry in action." Months later (September 18–20, 1863) he fought in the Battle of Chickamauga in northwest Georgia, another very bloody engagement.
After the end of the Civil War, John Bourke was nominated by Major General H. Thomas, his commander in the Army of the Cumberland, to be a cadet at the United States Military Academy. He entered West Point on October 17, 1865 and graduated on June 15, 1869, achieving the rank of Second Lieutenant.
On September 1, 1871, John Bourke was assigned as an Aide-de-Camp for Brevet Major General George Crook. He joined General Crook at Fort Whipple (Prescott, AZ) and then traveled extensively across the Arizona Territory in search of Native American groups that were considered troublesome to the miners, ranchers and settlers of the territory. In pursuit of his duties he visited several of the U.S. Army stations including Fort Whipple, Camp Lincoln (Fort Verde), Apache Camp, San Carlos Camp, Fort Grant and Camp McDowell. His routes included crossing the rugged wilderness of the Superstition and Mazatzal Mountains.
After several Yavapai and Apache groups had been captured and resettled, in 1875 John Bourke followed General Crook to the Department of The Platte at Fort Omaha, Nebraska. He was engaged in the battles at Rosebud Creek and Slim Buttes, enduring both fierce fighting and horrendous winter conditions in the Wyoming and Dakota territories.
General Crook was reassigned to the Arizona Territory in 1883 and John Bourke again followed him there. He participated in the second (1883) and third (1886) captures of Geronimo in Mexico.
As Crook's aide-de-camp, he had the opportunity to witness every facet of life in the Old West—the military battles, the settlers, the Native Americans, the geography and flora and fauna, internal military and government politics and Indian Agency issues. Bourke kept a diary in sequential journals throughout his adult life, documenting his observations in the West. He used these notes as the basis for his later monographs and writings.
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