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Chulym language
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Chulym language
Chulym (Chulym: Ось тили, чулым тили, татар тили[, Ös tili, chulym tili, tatar tili; Russian: Чулымский язык), also known as Chulym Tatar, Chulim, Chulym-Turkic (not to be confused with the Kipchak Siberian Tatar language) and Ös, is a critically endangered language of the Chulyms, spoken by no more than 30 people, many of whom are elderly. The names which the people use to refer to themselves are пистиҥ кишилер, pistɪŋ kiʃɪler (our people) and ось кишилер, øs kiʃɪler (Ös people). The native designation for the language is ось тил(и), øs til(ɪ) ~ ø:s til(ɪ), татар тил(и), tatar til(ɪ) and чулым тили chulym til(ɪ).
The language is spoken in Russia at various locations along the Chulym River, usually by indigenous people native to the Chulym river basin.
The speakers are located in Russia, in southwestern Siberia, north of the Altay Mountains, in the basin of the Chulym River, a tributary of the Ob River. Chulym speakers reside primarily in Belij Yar, Novoshumilovo, Ozyornoe, and Teguldet, in eastern Tomsk Oblast and Pasechnoye in western Krasnoyarsk Kray. All speakers are bilingual in Russian.
The Chulym language was considered to belong to the Siberian Turkic group of Turkic languages that also includes Khakas, Shor and Western Yugur languages.[citation needed] Nogorodov et al. argue that Chulym is of Kipchak origins, based on the Leipzig-Jakarta list. This comparison shows that 87 of the 100 items match the Kipchak items, whereas only 67 are cognate to Oghuz Turkic.
The language is closely related to the Shor and Khakas languages. Though all these are considered by some as one language, the Chulym speakers themselves do not believe this to be the case.[citation needed] Lower Chulym had more Tatar influence and Middle Chulym had more Khakas influence. There is also a significant Yeniseic influence on the language, with those who speak Middle Chulym themselves likely being descendants of Yeniseic, Ob Ugric, and Samoyedic speaking peoples who were assimilated and began speaking a Turkic language.
Chulym comprises two distinct dialects with multiple sub-dialects, corresponding to locations along the Chulym River. The native ethnonym is given in italics.
The "Upper Chulym dialect" identified by Harrison & Anderson is in fact the Melet sub-dialect of Middle Chulym. The Chulym-Turkic language is a geographical, rather than linguistic, term. In its diachronic perspective, it comprised a dialectal continuum with the neighboring dialects, showing only slight differentiation, while those at the extremes or the periphery of the area were rather mutually unintelligible. Glottolog classifies the Tutal dialect, spoken in the village of Teguldet, as belonging to Shor, and the Melet dialect, spoken in Pasechnoye, being close to the Kyzyl dialect of Khakas.
Chulym was once a widely spoken language, but its history consists of "multiple waves of colonization and linguistic assimilation first into Turkic, and now into Russian". The Chulyms are thought to have shifted from a Yeniseian language to Turkic. Their original language has left influences on modern Chulym, such as place names – especially hydronyms. This shift becomes even more evident when one studies the structure of the language, which is distinguishable from other Siberian Turkic languages. Now, Middle Chulym has become endangered due to the Russian hostility that occurred during the mid-twentieth century. It was during the 1940s, when Joseph Stalin was in power, that there was an establishment of a program called "the second mother tongue policy". This included the act of rounding up children and sending them to boarding schools, where they learned the nation's language and were forced not to speak their own native tongue. The program quickly caused the community to abandon the Chulym language. Soon enough, the language became associated with negative connotations and thus it gained an inferior and low social status. In the film The Linguists, a Chulym native speaker named Vasya Gabov described Chulym as being "viewed as a 'gutter language'," and the language was no longer passed on to the children. Furthermore, in the 1970s, the Chulym community was forced into Russian-speaking settlements, where they had to adapt and speak the Russian language in order to move up in the social ladder and have greater chances of economic prosperity. For instance, Gabov's village, Novotarlagany, was abolished, along with many other Chulym settlements. Soon enough, Chulym speakers were abandoning their native tongue; this caused the community to lose a great number of speakers and their language traditions. Not only were the Chulym people forced to abandon their language, but also the government dropped them from the census statistics as a distinct ethnic group after 1959. Under the eyes of the government, the Chulym population was seen as non-existent, and not enough to earn itself a place as a different national unit; it was not until 1999 that the community regained their status as a separate ethnic entity. Thus, with Russia's urbanization and domination of their national language, the Chulym language's chances of survival are slim.
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Chulym language
Chulym (Chulym: Ось тили, чулым тили, татар тили[, Ös tili, chulym tili, tatar tili; Russian: Чулымский язык), also known as Chulym Tatar, Chulim, Chulym-Turkic (not to be confused with the Kipchak Siberian Tatar language) and Ös, is a critically endangered language of the Chulyms, spoken by no more than 30 people, many of whom are elderly. The names which the people use to refer to themselves are пистиҥ кишилер, pistɪŋ kiʃɪler (our people) and ось кишилер, øs kiʃɪler (Ös people). The native designation for the language is ось тил(и), øs til(ɪ) ~ ø:s til(ɪ), татар тил(и), tatar til(ɪ) and чулым тили chulym til(ɪ).
The language is spoken in Russia at various locations along the Chulym River, usually by indigenous people native to the Chulym river basin.
The speakers are located in Russia, in southwestern Siberia, north of the Altay Mountains, in the basin of the Chulym River, a tributary of the Ob River. Chulym speakers reside primarily in Belij Yar, Novoshumilovo, Ozyornoe, and Teguldet, in eastern Tomsk Oblast and Pasechnoye in western Krasnoyarsk Kray. All speakers are bilingual in Russian.
The Chulym language was considered to belong to the Siberian Turkic group of Turkic languages that also includes Khakas, Shor and Western Yugur languages.[citation needed] Nogorodov et al. argue that Chulym is of Kipchak origins, based on the Leipzig-Jakarta list. This comparison shows that 87 of the 100 items match the Kipchak items, whereas only 67 are cognate to Oghuz Turkic.
The language is closely related to the Shor and Khakas languages. Though all these are considered by some as one language, the Chulym speakers themselves do not believe this to be the case.[citation needed] Lower Chulym had more Tatar influence and Middle Chulym had more Khakas influence. There is also a significant Yeniseic influence on the language, with those who speak Middle Chulym themselves likely being descendants of Yeniseic, Ob Ugric, and Samoyedic speaking peoples who were assimilated and began speaking a Turkic language.
Chulym comprises two distinct dialects with multiple sub-dialects, corresponding to locations along the Chulym River. The native ethnonym is given in italics.
The "Upper Chulym dialect" identified by Harrison & Anderson is in fact the Melet sub-dialect of Middle Chulym. The Chulym-Turkic language is a geographical, rather than linguistic, term. In its diachronic perspective, it comprised a dialectal continuum with the neighboring dialects, showing only slight differentiation, while those at the extremes or the periphery of the area were rather mutually unintelligible. Glottolog classifies the Tutal dialect, spoken in the village of Teguldet, as belonging to Shor, and the Melet dialect, spoken in Pasechnoye, being close to the Kyzyl dialect of Khakas.
Chulym was once a widely spoken language, but its history consists of "multiple waves of colonization and linguistic assimilation first into Turkic, and now into Russian". The Chulyms are thought to have shifted from a Yeniseian language to Turkic. Their original language has left influences on modern Chulym, such as place names – especially hydronyms. This shift becomes even more evident when one studies the structure of the language, which is distinguishable from other Siberian Turkic languages. Now, Middle Chulym has become endangered due to the Russian hostility that occurred during the mid-twentieth century. It was during the 1940s, when Joseph Stalin was in power, that there was an establishment of a program called "the second mother tongue policy". This included the act of rounding up children and sending them to boarding schools, where they learned the nation's language and were forced not to speak their own native tongue. The program quickly caused the community to abandon the Chulym language. Soon enough, the language became associated with negative connotations and thus it gained an inferior and low social status. In the film The Linguists, a Chulym native speaker named Vasya Gabov described Chulym as being "viewed as a 'gutter language'," and the language was no longer passed on to the children. Furthermore, in the 1970s, the Chulym community was forced into Russian-speaking settlements, where they had to adapt and speak the Russian language in order to move up in the social ladder and have greater chances of economic prosperity. For instance, Gabov's village, Novotarlagany, was abolished, along with many other Chulym settlements. Soon enough, Chulym speakers were abandoning their native tongue; this caused the community to lose a great number of speakers and their language traditions. Not only were the Chulym people forced to abandon their language, but also the government dropped them from the census statistics as a distinct ethnic group after 1959. Under the eyes of the government, the Chulym population was seen as non-existent, and not enough to earn itself a place as a different national unit; it was not until 1999 that the community regained their status as a separate ethnic entity. Thus, with Russia's urbanization and domination of their national language, the Chulym language's chances of survival are slim.
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