The Aboh Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of Abo, was a kingdom in the Niger Delta region, Nigeria. Its capital, Aboh is located in present-day Delta State, and was founded by Obi Essumei Ukwu. Due to being situated along the lower Niger River, Aboh served as a center in political and commercial matters between the 17th and 19th century. The kingdom peaked under Eze Obi Ossai, having reached its zenith under his rule, becoming a major trading power where it acted as a middleman in the trans-Atlantic slave trade and later the palm oil trade.

The origins of Aboh, are told both in oral traditions and historical analysis by various historians. According to the oral history, Aboh trace some of its origins to a migration from the Benin Kingdom, a multi-ethnic society, which was in the midst of civil war, and shares this oral history similarities to that of Onitsha, whose own ancestors departed from Benin under their king Ezechima. Other parts of its origin draw connections with the spiritual institutions and practices of Nri, including the ozo staff of which the Obi possessed the ofo nze office staff, the Igbo religion of Odinala and the ndichie. Therefore, it is speculated that due to proximity to Benin, and its political influence on its neighbours, that the Kingdom of Aboh developed its centralized political structure, which was a rarity among its neighbours in the Niger Delta.

Aboh reached its prominence during the 18-19th century where it grew in political and military strength due to its strategic position along navigable waterways, which made it a hub of trade along the Niger Delta, and allowing it to exert influence over inland and coastal trade. During its height, the kingdom extended its authority over territories across the western half of the Niger Delta, including large sections of modern-day Delta and the riverine states of eastern Igboland, of which these towns would pay tribute to the Obi. The expansion of the kingdom's power led to kings of other groups in the Western Delta to seek favour from the Obi, in recognition of the prestige of his rulership.

Aboh Kingdom was headed by the Obi, or King, who was supported by a council of titled chiefs and elders who represented lineages and administrative units within the kingdom. Unlike most Igbo east of the Niger, Aboh was a highly centralized polity, with the institute of government being "Izu Olinzele" or, "society of titled men", with the Obi and the Oduah, the elder statesman, at the top of the hierarchy. Military strength was also a central to Aboh's dominance over trade, with its navy, consisting of war canoes, which played a critical role in its regional dominance and protection of trade routes, and from where its rivalry with the neighboring Igala Kingdom sparked, in their competition of trade.

Aboh had relations between other kingdoms along the Niger, specifically in regard to trade and warfare, but its relationship with its northern neighbour Igala were complex, involving both trade and conflict. Igala had long been the main beneficiary of the Niger River trade owing to the position of its capital Idah on the confluence of the Niger, which transformed it into a regional power, had by the 19th century been overtaken by Aboh, emerging as the foremost military and commercial power in the Lower Niger.

Aboh's influence also extended into areas under Igala control. At one point, a son of the Obi of Aboh was sent to Idah, to resolve disputes concerning Aboh traders within Igala territory. Another cooperative effort included Ossai sending messengers to inform the Attah of Igala regarding the murder of a European trader by the King of Brass, which would have led to the complete end of European inflow of goods along the Niger, leading to a joint expedition between the Atta aligned with Emir Dasaba of Nupe in a joint cavalry attack on the Brass.

Aboh was also especially proficient in the palm-oil trade, and was recognized by European traders as by far the leading market in the trade. Its monopoly on the market was to the extent that the King of Brass would bow to the Obi of Aboh in reverence and acknowledgment of the suzerainty of the Obi over his kingdom, and would sell palm-oil to Aboh for less than what he sold to the Europeans.

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