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Li Te
Li Te (李特, 240s - c.March 303), courtesy name Xuanxiu (玄休), posthumously King Jing of Chengdu (成都景王) and later Emperor Jing (景皇帝), was the spiritual founder of the Ba-Di-led Cheng-Han dynasty during the Sixteen Kingdoms period of Chinese history. Under the ruling Jin dynasty (266–420), he and many people from present-day Gansu sought refuge in Yizhou due to Qi Wannian's rebellion. In 300, he ousted the rebelling provincial Inspector, Zhao Xin, and established a strong presence in the region. He initially agreed to coexist with the new Inspector, Luo Shang, but due to conflicting interests, they eventually went to war with each other. Li Te had the upper hand early on, and in 303, he hinted at the formation of a new state. However, before he could do so, he was abruptly killed in an ambush by Jin forces. Regardless, his younger brother Li Liu and his son Li Xiong continued the war, with the latter finally forcing Luo Shang out from the provincial capital, Chengdu in 304. Li Xiong established the state of Cheng (later named Han in 338), and posthumously honoured his father as a king and later an emperor.
Li Te's ancestors were Cong (賨) or Bandun people originally from Baxi commandery (巴西郡; around present-day Langzhong, Sichuan). After Cao Cao captured Hanzhong during the end of the Han dynasty, his grandfather Li Hu (李虎) led his people north to submit to Cao Cao. Because of this, Li Te's family began living in Lüeyang Commandery, where they mingled with the local Di tribes. Li Te and others similar to him were referred to as the Ba-Di, Ba being the region that their ancestors originated from. Li Te was the second of five sons of Li Mu (李慕). He was described as 8 chi tall (6 ft 2) and displayed martial talents such as horseback archery.
In 296, a Di chieftain named Qi Wannian led a major revolt around Li Te's area. The land was struck by famines and military occupation, so many of its inhabitants decided to migrate including Li Te, who led his followers back to his ancestral homeland in Yizhou. While passing through Jian'ge Pass (劍閣關, in modern Guangyuan, Sichuan), he was marvelled by the sturdy defenses that the region possessed, saying, "Liu Shan had such defenses as this, and yet he still gave himself over in surrender to others. How could he not have been a man of inferior talents?"
At the start of the 4th century in 300, the Inspector of Yizhou, Zhao Xin rebelled against the Jin dynasty and declared himself Grand General and Governor of Yizhou. Among the first to support him was Li Te's brother, Li Xiáng, who brought along Te and their other brothers, Li Liu and Li Xiāng (note the different pinyin), to join as well. Zhao made Xiáng his General Who Vanquishes Invaders and had him defend the northern passages. However, Li Xiáng became gradually popular and displayed exceptional discipline over his army, which made Zhao Xin wary about him and his ambitions. In 301, after Li Xiáng visited him in the provincial capital, Chengdu and urged him to take the imperial throne, Zhao Xin accused him of treason and had him killed alongside his sons, nephews and kinsmen.
When Li Xiáng was killed, Li Te and Li Liu had stayed behind to guard the north with his soldiers. Wanting to keep their loyalty, Zhao Xin sent messengers to console the brothers and tried to justify his actions, even appointing them as generals. However, the pair were furious and led their forces towards Chengdu through Mianzhu. Zhao Xin ordered his forces to garrison at Shiting in Mianzhu, but Li Te launched a successful night raid on their camp, setting fire to it and killing many of the soldiers before continuing towards Chengdu. Li Te's arrival threw the city into panic, and many of Zhao Xin's officials abandoned him. Zhao Xin and his family fled on a small boat, but they were later killed at Guangdu (廣都; in modern Shuangliu District, Sichuan) by a subordinate. Li Te entered Chengdu, sacking the city before sending a list of crimes that Zhao Xin had committed to the Jin capital in Luoyang.
Despite Li Te's attempt to establish friendly relations with the Jin court, the court dispatched an army led by Luo Shang in order to crush Li Te and his forces. Li Te sent his brother Li Xiāng to welcome Luo Shang along the road and gift him with presents. Luo Shang was pleased and accepted his token of friendship in spite of objections from his subordinates Wang Dun (王敦, not to be confused with the more famous Wang Dun) and Xin Ran (辛冉). Luo Shang even made Li Xiāng his own officer, but suspicion between the two sides remained.
Meanwhile, in the north, the court issued an order calling for the refugees that had fled during Qi Wannian's rebellion to return to their respective provinces. However, Li Te's brother, Li Fu (李輔), who was in Qinzhou and had just arrived in Shu around the time, notified his brother that the north was still in disarray. Li Te thus sent Yan Shi (閻式) along with bribes to Luo Shang to extend their stay to autumn, which Luo Shang permitted. Li Te was later named General Who Displays Might and made a marquis, but the court also unpopularly refused to reward those who had helped Li Te in quelling Zhao Xin. This was proposed by Luo Shang's subordinate Xin Ran, which caused the refugees to resent him.
As autumn approached, Luo Shang made preparations to send back the refugees, but they were still anxious to return. Li Te sent Yan Shi again to negotiate their stay till winter, but this time Luo Shang rejected. Even after Yan Shi persuaded Luo's subordinate, Du Tao to remonstrate him, Luo Shang refused to change his mind. Li Te was becoming increasingly popular and was bringing in more refugees under his care by the day, so he continued to pester Luo Shang for an extension. Xin Ran, angered by the whole situation, finally took action by setting up notices demanding for the Li family's heads. Li Te acquired these notices and edited them by saying that Xin Ran not only wanted the Li family dead, but also the other major families among the refugees. The forged notices quickly caught the refugees' attention and caused further unrest, leading to many of them banding with Li Te for protection.
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Li Te
Li Te (李特, 240s - c.March 303), courtesy name Xuanxiu (玄休), posthumously King Jing of Chengdu (成都景王) and later Emperor Jing (景皇帝), was the spiritual founder of the Ba-Di-led Cheng-Han dynasty during the Sixteen Kingdoms period of Chinese history. Under the ruling Jin dynasty (266–420), he and many people from present-day Gansu sought refuge in Yizhou due to Qi Wannian's rebellion. In 300, he ousted the rebelling provincial Inspector, Zhao Xin, and established a strong presence in the region. He initially agreed to coexist with the new Inspector, Luo Shang, but due to conflicting interests, they eventually went to war with each other. Li Te had the upper hand early on, and in 303, he hinted at the formation of a new state. However, before he could do so, he was abruptly killed in an ambush by Jin forces. Regardless, his younger brother Li Liu and his son Li Xiong continued the war, with the latter finally forcing Luo Shang out from the provincial capital, Chengdu in 304. Li Xiong established the state of Cheng (later named Han in 338), and posthumously honoured his father as a king and later an emperor.
Li Te's ancestors were Cong (賨) or Bandun people originally from Baxi commandery (巴西郡; around present-day Langzhong, Sichuan). After Cao Cao captured Hanzhong during the end of the Han dynasty, his grandfather Li Hu (李虎) led his people north to submit to Cao Cao. Because of this, Li Te's family began living in Lüeyang Commandery, where they mingled with the local Di tribes. Li Te and others similar to him were referred to as the Ba-Di, Ba being the region that their ancestors originated from. Li Te was the second of five sons of Li Mu (李慕). He was described as 8 chi tall (6 ft 2) and displayed martial talents such as horseback archery.
In 296, a Di chieftain named Qi Wannian led a major revolt around Li Te's area. The land was struck by famines and military occupation, so many of its inhabitants decided to migrate including Li Te, who led his followers back to his ancestral homeland in Yizhou. While passing through Jian'ge Pass (劍閣關, in modern Guangyuan, Sichuan), he was marvelled by the sturdy defenses that the region possessed, saying, "Liu Shan had such defenses as this, and yet he still gave himself over in surrender to others. How could he not have been a man of inferior talents?"
At the start of the 4th century in 300, the Inspector of Yizhou, Zhao Xin rebelled against the Jin dynasty and declared himself Grand General and Governor of Yizhou. Among the first to support him was Li Te's brother, Li Xiáng, who brought along Te and their other brothers, Li Liu and Li Xiāng (note the different pinyin), to join as well. Zhao made Xiáng his General Who Vanquishes Invaders and had him defend the northern passages. However, Li Xiáng became gradually popular and displayed exceptional discipline over his army, which made Zhao Xin wary about him and his ambitions. In 301, after Li Xiáng visited him in the provincial capital, Chengdu and urged him to take the imperial throne, Zhao Xin accused him of treason and had him killed alongside his sons, nephews and kinsmen.
When Li Xiáng was killed, Li Te and Li Liu had stayed behind to guard the north with his soldiers. Wanting to keep their loyalty, Zhao Xin sent messengers to console the brothers and tried to justify his actions, even appointing them as generals. However, the pair were furious and led their forces towards Chengdu through Mianzhu. Zhao Xin ordered his forces to garrison at Shiting in Mianzhu, but Li Te launched a successful night raid on their camp, setting fire to it and killing many of the soldiers before continuing towards Chengdu. Li Te's arrival threw the city into panic, and many of Zhao Xin's officials abandoned him. Zhao Xin and his family fled on a small boat, but they were later killed at Guangdu (廣都; in modern Shuangliu District, Sichuan) by a subordinate. Li Te entered Chengdu, sacking the city before sending a list of crimes that Zhao Xin had committed to the Jin capital in Luoyang.
Despite Li Te's attempt to establish friendly relations with the Jin court, the court dispatched an army led by Luo Shang in order to crush Li Te and his forces. Li Te sent his brother Li Xiāng to welcome Luo Shang along the road and gift him with presents. Luo Shang was pleased and accepted his token of friendship in spite of objections from his subordinates Wang Dun (王敦, not to be confused with the more famous Wang Dun) and Xin Ran (辛冉). Luo Shang even made Li Xiāng his own officer, but suspicion between the two sides remained.
Meanwhile, in the north, the court issued an order calling for the refugees that had fled during Qi Wannian's rebellion to return to their respective provinces. However, Li Te's brother, Li Fu (李輔), who was in Qinzhou and had just arrived in Shu around the time, notified his brother that the north was still in disarray. Li Te thus sent Yan Shi (閻式) along with bribes to Luo Shang to extend their stay to autumn, which Luo Shang permitted. Li Te was later named General Who Displays Might and made a marquis, but the court also unpopularly refused to reward those who had helped Li Te in quelling Zhao Xin. This was proposed by Luo Shang's subordinate Xin Ran, which caused the refugees to resent him.
As autumn approached, Luo Shang made preparations to send back the refugees, but they were still anxious to return. Li Te sent Yan Shi again to negotiate their stay till winter, but this time Luo Shang rejected. Even after Yan Shi persuaded Luo's subordinate, Du Tao to remonstrate him, Luo Shang refused to change his mind. Li Te was becoming increasingly popular and was bringing in more refugees under his care by the day, so he continued to pester Luo Shang for an extension. Xin Ran, angered by the whole situation, finally took action by setting up notices demanding for the Li family's heads. Li Te acquired these notices and edited them by saying that Xin Ran not only wanted the Li family dead, but also the other major families among the refugees. The forged notices quickly caught the refugees' attention and caused further unrest, leading to many of them banding with Li Te for protection.