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Lonnie Johnson (inventor)
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Lonnie Johnson (inventor)
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Lonnie George Johnson (born October 6, 1949) is an American inventor, aerospace engineer, and entrepreneur, best known for inventing the bestselling Super Soaker water gun in 1989. He was formerly employed at the U.S. Air Force and NASA, where he worked at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[2]

Key Information

Early life

[edit]

Johnson was born in Mobile, Alabama on October 6, 1949.[3] His mother, who finished high school, worked as a nurse's aide and his father, who didn't finish high school, was a World War II veteran. He had 5 siblings. His father explained the basic principles of electricity to Johnson at an early age, which inspired Johnson's love of inventing.[4] Stating that he "always liked to tinker with things," Johnson earned the nickname "the Professor" from kids in the neighborhood, who would assist him with his creations.[4] He once "tore up his sister's baby doll to see what made her eyes close".[2] On another occasion, Johnson and the neighborhood children made a go-cart, with a motor Johnson built by himself out of metal from the local junkyard.[4] He also tried to cook up rocket fuel in a saucepan but in doing so almost burned down the house.

Education

[edit]

As a teenager, Johnson attended Williamson High School, an all-black school in Mobile.[5] He drew much of his inspiration from George Washington Carver.[6] In 1968, Johnson represented his high school at a science fair in Alabama, where he was the only black student attending the fair; this was a time when African Americans had very little presence in science.[4] There, he presented a robot he created, which he named "Linex," taking home the first-place prize. The robot was powered by compressed air.[4]

In 1969, shortly after graduating from high school, Johnson attended Tuskegee University, obtaining a B.S. in mechanical engineering in 1973 and a master's degree in nuclear engineering in 1975.[2][7] He was awarded an honorary doctorate from Tuskegee University in 2018.[8] After completing his master's degree, he worked for the U.S. Air Force, where he worked on the stealth bomber program, before eventually joining NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 1979.[3]

Career

[edit]

During his time at NASA (1979–1991), Johnson worked on a variety of projects, including the Air Force missions Lab, developing the nuclear power source for the Galileo mission to Jupiter,[9] several weapons-related projects, as well as an engineer on the Mariner Mark ll Spacecraft series for the Comet Rendezvous and Saturn Orbiter Probe missions.[10] He also worked on the stealth bomber program.[11]

In 1991, Johnson founded his own company, Johnson Research and Development Co., Inc., of which he is also the president.[10]

More recently, he teamed up with scientists from both Tulane University and Tuskegee University to develop a method of transforming heat into electricity to make green energy more affordable.[9]

As of 2022, Johnson has three technology-development companies, Excellatron Solid State, LLC, Johnson Energy Storage, and Johnson Electro-Mechanical Systems (JEMS), operating in the Sweet Auburn neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia.[12][13][14] JEMS has developed the Johnson Thermo-Electrochemical Converter System (JTEC) which Popular Mechanics listed as one of the top 10 inventions of 2009.[15] Johnson Energy Storage has developed a solid-state battery and as of early 2023 is raising funds to develop a demonstration manufacturing line.[16]

Lonnie Johnson with US Representative Bradley Byrne in 2018.

Johnson is a "part of a group of African American inventors whose work accounts for 6 percent of all U.S. patent applications".[17]

Super Soaker

[edit]

Johnson first conceived the Super Soaker while doing work with the U.S. Air Force. Initially called the "Power Drencher" when it first appeared in toy shops in 1990, it eventually got its trademark name after some tweaks and remarketing.[15] Selling between $10 and $60 depending on the model, the Super Soaker took off, generating $200 million in sales in 1991.[2] Shortly after making the deal for the Super Soaker with the Larami Corporation, Larami became a subsidiary of Hasbro Inc. in February 1995.[18]

Johnson tweaked the water gun's design, replacing the Super Soaker's water with a toy Nerf projectile, which became the N-Strike Nerf product line.[19]

In February 2013 Johnson filed a lawsuit against Hasbro after he discovered that he was being underpaid royalties for the Super Soaker and several Nerf toys.[20] In November 2013, Johnson was awarded nearly $73 million in royalties from Hasbro Inc. in arbitration. According to Hasbro, the Super Soaker is approaching sales of $1 billion.[21]

Accomplishments

[edit]

Johnson currently holds over 250 patents, most of which are for his Super Soaker.[22] Johnson was awarded the Air Force Achievement Medal and the Air Force Commendation Medal. He received several awards from NASA for his work in spacecraft system design at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[8] In 2008, he was awarded the Breakthrough Award from the science magazine Popular Mechanics for his work related to JTEC and was inducted into the State of Alabama Engineering Hall of Fame in 2011.[6][23] In 2015, the Super Soaker was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame.[24] In 2022, Johnson was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.[25]

Personal life

[edit]

Johnson is married to Linda Moore. They have four children and live in the Ansley Park district of Atlanta, Georgia.[2]

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Lonnie Johnson (inventor)

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Lonnie George Johnson (born October 6, 1949) is an American inventor, aerospace engineer, and entrepreneur renowned for developing the water gun, a pressurized toy that revolutionized the water blaster market and became one of the top-selling toys of all time. Born in , Johnson holds over 100 U.S. patents and has made significant contributions to energy technology and , including work on NASA's Galileo, Cassini, and Mars Observer missions. His invention of the , patented in 1986 (U.S. Patent No. 4,591,071) and first released in 1990 (initially as the Power Drencher) before being rebranded as the in 1991, has sold more than 250 million units worldwide, generating over $1 billion in revenue and topping U.S. toy sales charts in 1991 with more than $200 million in that year alone. Johnson's early career was marked by military service in the U.S. , where he served as a nuclear engineer and contributed to projects like the Stealth Bomber and space systems, earning the twice and the Air Force Achievement Medal. After his service, he advanced his expertise at and later at NASA's (JPL), focusing on and energy systems that informed his later inventions. A graduate of with a degree in , Johnson founded Johnson Research & Development Co. in 1989 to pursue independent innovation, leading to breakthroughs like the Johnson Thermo-Electrochemical Converter (JTEC), a device for efficient energy conversion without moving parts. Beyond toys, Johnson's work extends to sustainable energy solutions, including advanced battery technologies aimed at improving efficiency and renewable power storage; he has dedicated efforts to these since the through his company. Inducted into the in 2022, he has received multiple achievement awards and continues to advocate for STEM education, particularly for underrepresented communities, drawing from his experiences as an African American pioneer in engineering.

Early Life and Education

Childhood and Family Background

Lonnie George Johnson was born on October 6, 1949, in , to a middle-class African American family. He was the third of six children born to David Johnson, a veteran who worked as a civilian driver at Brookley Base, and Arline Johnson, a homemaker who occasionally took jobs in laundry or as a nurse's aide. The family emphasized self-reliance, with summers spent picking cotton on Johnson's grandfather's farm, instilling values of hard work and resourcefulness. Growing up in the segregated Jim Crow South during the Civil Rights era, Johnson faced systemic racial barriers that limited opportunities for Black children, including attending all-Black schools and being discouraged from pursuing ambitions beyond technical trades. These experiences fostered a deep sense of perseverance in Johnson, motivating him to challenge societal constraints through his innate and . From an early age, Johnson displayed a strong interest in science and engineering, often tinkering with gadgets and taking apart to understand their . His father, a skilled , taught him the basics of and tool use, while the family built their own playthings out of economic necessity, encouraging Johnson's inventive mindset. By age 10, with support from his parents and siblings—who provided access to scrap materials and shared in collaborative projects—Johnson was constructing go-karts and rockets from discarded parts, honing skills that would define his future innovations.

Academic Pursuits

Johnson attended Williamson High School in Mobile, Alabama, where he demonstrated strong performance in mathematics and science, graduating in 1969 as part of the school's last segregated class. In 1968, he represented the school at a statewide science fair as the only African American participant, showcasing a self-built compressed-air-powered robot named Linex that earned first place and highlighted his early aptitude for engineering design. These accomplishments, supported by family encouragement in scientific pursuits, earned him a mathematics scholarship to Tuskegee University (then Tuskegee Institute). At Tuskegee, Johnson pursued a in , which he completed in 1973. During his undergraduate years, he engaged in innovative student projects, demonstrating his problem-solving skills in . He was elected to the Pi Tau Sigma National Engineering Honor Society, recognizing his academic excellence. Johnson continued his graduate studies at Tuskegee, earning a in in 1975. As an African American student in STEM during the late 1960s and early 1970s, he faced challenges such as ongoing , underfunded facilities at historically Black institutions, and broader societal barriers to opportunities in technical fields, yet benefited from dedicated mentorship that nurtured his talent and resilience.

Engineering Career

Military Service and Early Professional Roles

Upon earning his in from in 1973, Lonnie Johnson began his professional career as a research engineer at in . There, he focused on developing systems, including applications for , which provided foundational experience in technologies and systems integration. Johnson entered military service through the ROTC program, which he participated in during his university years, leading to his commission as a upon completing his in in 1975. He served actively in the U.S. from 1975 to 1979, with his primary assignment from 1978 to 1979 as Acting Chief of the Space Nuclear Power Safety Section at the Air Force Weapons Laboratory, located at in . In this role, he oversaw safety protocols for nuclear-powered space systems, honing his skills in high-stakes engineering and . Johnson's early career also marked the beginning of his inventive pursuits, as he filed his first U.S. in 1979 for a digital distance measuring instrument (U.S. Patent No. 4,143,267), demonstrating his emerging focus on innovative measurement and control systems. This period laid the groundwork for his transition out of in 1979 to a role at 's .

Work at NASA and Space Projects

Lonnie Johnson began his tenure at NASA's (JPL) in 1979, leaving his position with the U.S. Air Force to serve as a senior systems engineer. During this initial stint, which lasted until 1982, he contributed to the Galileo mission, a spacecraft designed to explore and its moons. As part of the team, Johnson helped develop thermodynamic and control systems essential for the probe's operation in the harsh space environment, including managing extreme cold and radiation near . His work focused on ensuring the spacecraft's reliability, earning him recognition from for advancements in system design. In 1982, Johnson returned to the for a second stint until 1987, serving in Space Systems at , including as the first flight test engineer assigned to the B-2 stealth bomber program, where he worked on advanced and systems integration. He rejoined JPL in 1987, advancing to roles such as fault protection engineer on key projects. He contributed to the Mars Observer mission, which aimed to study the Martian surface and atmosphere, and played a critical role in the early development of the Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn and its moon Titan, launched in 1997. For Cassini, Johnson was responsible for designing fault protection systems to prevent single-point failures that could jeopardize the mission, addressing challenges like and in deep space. These efforts built on his earlier experience, emphasizing robust engineering to handle the mission's decade-long journey and complex orbital insertions. Throughout his time at JPL, spanning two periods from 1979 to 1991, Johnson received multiple achievement awards for his contributions to system design across several missions. In 1991, amid growing success with his consumer inventions, he resigned from JPL to focus full-time on through his Johnson Research & Development Company.

Inventions and Entrepreneurship

Development of the Super Soaker

In 1982, while working as an on a personal project to develop an environmentally friendly that used instead of for refrigeration, Lonnie Johnson accidentally created a high-pressure stream of during a test, which shot across his bathroom and inspired the concept for a powerful water gun. Drawing on his expertise in from his career, Johnson constructed an initial prototype using PVC pipes, an empty soda bottle as a , and acrylic for the , demonstrating the potential for a pressurized system that far outperformed existing squirt guns. He spent the next several years refining the design through multiple iterations to ensure reliability and safety for consumer use. The Super Soaker's core mechanics relied on a manually operated air to pressurize a , creating a continuous, high-velocity without the need for constant pumping during firing, unlike traditional squirt guns. This innovation used an elastic bladder or chamber to store , which propelled through a when triggered, achieving ranges of up to 50 feet. Johnson secured U.S. No. 4,591,071 in 1986 for this "Squirt Gun" design, which laid the foundation for subsequent improvements, including enhanced mechanisms and larger in later models. He followed with additional patents, such as U.S. No. 5,074,437 in 1991, to protect variations on the pressurized delivery system. Unable to fund full-scale manufacturing himself, which he estimated would cost around $200,000 for tooling, Johnson licensed the invention to Corporation in 1989 for an initial fee plus royalties. rebranded the product as the —launching the flagship 100 model in 1990 with the tagline "Get Ready to Get Soaked"—and handled production and distribution, transforming Johnson's into a mass-market . The launch capitalized on summer campaigns featuring energetic, diverse groups of children in battles, broadening its appeal beyond traditional toy demographics. The achieved explosive commercial success, has sold over 250 million units worldwide, generating more than $1 billion in retail sales for (later acquired by in 1995). It became the top-selling toy of the 1990s, outselling even in some years, and sparked a cultural phenomenon with water fights at beaches, parks, and community events, while inspiring parodies in media like films and television. Models evolved rapidly: the original 100 used a basic , while the 1990s introduced the WS series (e.g., 200) with improved , followed by the CPS (Constant Pressure System) line in the mid-1990s featuring elastic bladders for sustained firing without re-pumping, and later XP series with massive reservoirs holding up to a of water. As of 2025, cumulative sales exceed 250 million units, with occasional revivals through limited-edition releases under the brand, though no major new innovations have emerged since the early . Johnson played a key role in ongoing design iterations, collaborating with Larami engineers to refine pump efficiency, reduce weight, and enhance stream accuracy based on user feedback and testing. He also pushed for inclusive strategies that prominently featured children of color in advertisements, helping the product resonate with underrepresented audiences and contributing to its widespread adoption across diverse communities. In 2013, Johnson won a significant legal victory against in arbitration, securing $72.9 million in unpaid royalties from sales, affirming the long-term financial impact of his invention.

Other Inventions and Johnson Research & Development Company

In 1989, Lonnie Johnson founded Johnson Research & Development Company (JRDC) in , Georgia, initially funded by royalties from the water gun to support his pursuits. The company focused on developing innovative technologies in consumer products and energy systems, leveraging Johnson's expertise in and . By the early , JRDC had expanded into design partnerships, including a licensing agreement with following their 1995 acquisition of Corporation, which enabled Johnson to contribute to the and development of soft foam dart guns, particularly influencing the N-Strike product line. A major focus of JRDC's work has been technologies, with Johnson inventing the Johnson Thermo-Electrochemical Converter (JTEC) in the early 2000s as a solid-state capable of converting heat differentials—such as from solar or waste sources—into without , potentially achieving up to 60% in theoretical models. The JTEC operates by using as a working fluid in a closed-loop system, where pressure differences drive electrochemical reactions to generate power, and it has been explored for applications like harvesting and hydrogen-based systems. JRDC also developed prototypes for green technologies, including a solar-powered water pump inspired by thermodynamic principles similar to those in Johnson's earlier work. In the 2010s, JRDC spun off Johnson Energy Storage, LLC, to commercialize advanced battery technologies, including thin-film lithium batteries and all-solid-state designs aimed at improving for electric vehicles and renewable storage. By 2025, Johnson held over 150 U.S. patents related to these efforts, encompassing improvements in battery separators and energy conversion devices. Despite promising prototypes, JRDC and its spinoffs faced significant challenges in funding and commercialization, particularly for the JTEC, which Johnson self-funded for nearly two decades before spinning out JTEC Energy, Inc., in 2020 to accelerate development. Key obstacles included sourcing durable membrane materials to withstand high pressures and securing institutional investment, leading to a pivot toward consumer products for financial stability while pursuing energy projects. Progress from 2020 to 2025 included a 2020 seed funding round for JTEC Energy to hire engineers and build prototypes, followed by $15 million in investments for by 2025, enabling UL testing of prototypes and plans for applications.

Achievements and Recognition

Awards and Honors

Lonnie Johnson received the Air Force Achievement Medal and the Air Force Commendation Medal on two occasions during his military service for contributions to engineering projects. At NASA's , he earned multiple achievement awards for his work on system design, including contributions to the Galileo mission to . In recognition of his invention of the , which has generated over $1 billion in sales, Johnson was inducted into the in 2022. He also became the first African American inducted into the Alabama Engineering Hall of Fame in 2011, honoring his broader engineering accomplishments. For his development of the Johnson Thermoelectrochemical Converter (JTEC), a heat-to-electricity conversion technology with potential sustainability applications, Johnson received the Breakthrough Award from in 2008. Johnson holds an honorary Ph.D. in Science from , awarded for his professional achievements in engineering and invention. In 2023, he received an honorary degree from the , where he delivered the commencement address. In 2024, he received the HBCU Honors Innovation Trailblazer Award for his groundbreaking inventions and advocacy for HBCU talent. More recently, in 2024, he was named the recipient of Business Alabama's Lifetime Achievement Award for his entrepreneurial impact.

Philanthropy and Legacy

In 2005, Lonnie Johnson established the Johnson STEM Activity Center, a dedicated to empowering students from diverse and underserved communities through hands-on in , , , and (STEM). The center provides programs such as competitions and coding workshops, particularly targeting underrepresented youth to foster interest and skills in STEM fields, with initiatives like funding high school teams to promote and . Johnson's philanthropic efforts extend to educational institutions; in February 2025, Johnson Energy Storage, his company, signed a cooperation agreement with —his —to create the Dr. Lonnie Johnson Technology Research & Incubation Center, aimed at advancing clean energy solutions and developing STEM talent from underrepresented groups through industry-academia collaboration. Johnson advocates for greater representation of African American inventors through keynote speaking engagements, where he shares his journey from NASA engineer to prolific innovator, emphasizing perseverance and the importance of diversity in engineering and invention. His involvement highlights barriers faced by Black inventors and promotes opportunities in STEM, aligning with broader efforts to address the historical underrepresentation of African Americans, who hold less than 2% of U.S. patents despite comprising 13% of the population (as of 2024). Johnson's legacy endures as a for youth, particularly through the cultural impact of the , which has generated over $1 billion in sales and inspired children's books like Whoosh!: Lonnie Johnson's Super-Soaking Stream of Inventions by Chris Barton, illustrating his inventive path to encourage young readers in STEM. Holding over 100 patents, many in and consumer products, he exemplifies closing the racial gap in patenting by demonstrating Black excellence in innovation. Additionally, through Johnson Research & Development Company (JRDC), his environmental legacy focuses on sustainable technologies, such as advanced batteries for , contributing to global efforts in clean power and .

Personal Life

Family and Relationships

Lonnie Johnson is married to Linda Moore, and the couple has four children. Among his children is a daughter named , who at age seven tested the initial prototype of the on an base in , where her enthusiasm with friends highlighted the toy's appeal. Johnson grew up as the youngest of six children in , maintaining close ties with his siblings, some of whom participated in his early inventive experiments, such as building gadgets from household items.

Later Years and Current Activities

Following the success of the Super Soaker in the early 1990s, Johnson founded Johnson Research & Development Company (JRDC) in 1989 and established its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, where he relocated to serve as the base for his ongoing engineering and invention work. In the 2010s and beyond, Johnson shifted much of his focus to overseeing energy innovation projects through JRDC and its subsidiaries, including Johnson Energy Storage, which has advanced solid-state lithium battery technology aimed at improving renewable energy storage. Johnson Energy Storage continues to advance solid-state battery technology for renewable energy storage. He has also continued development of the Johnson Thermo-Electrochemical Converter (JTEC), a device designed to convert heat directly into electricity, with prototypes tested for applications in recovery and as recently as 2024. Johnson has demonstrated resilience in overcoming professional setbacks, particularly with the JTEC project, which faced material and pressure-handling challenges during the that delayed commercialization despite initial acclaim as a top of 2009. These obstacles required persistent prototyping and funding pursuits, including grants and partnerships, but Johnson persisted, drawing on his background to refine the technology. He maintains a hands-on approach, continuing to tinker with prototypes in his lab. As a native, Johnson remains involved in his hometown community, including speaking at local institutions and supporting educational initiatives; in 2023, he received an honorary degree from the and addressed graduates at . His service in the 1970s, which included work on stealth and nuclear technologies, has informed a lifelong interest in aviation-related engineering, though he now channels this into broader clean energy pursuits. As of 2025, Johnson remains active in STEM education advocacy through and media engagements that highlight perseverance in , such as a 2024 on development challenges and a 2025 USPTO profile emphasizing his over 100 U.S. . In February 2025, he was issued a for a concentration energy converter (U.S. No. 12,183,959). He continues to lead JRDC's climate tech efforts, responding to trends in with new inventions like advanced batteries and thermoelectric converters, without indications of full retirement.

References

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