- Wikipedia

{"parse":{"title":"Lynn Conway","pageid":747715,"text":{"*":"

\n\n

Lynn Conway
$\"Lynn$ Conway in 2006
Born	(1938-01-02)January 2, 1938 Mount Vernon, New York, U.S.
Died	June 9, 2024(2024-06-09) (aged 86) Jackson, Michigan, U.S.
Alma mater	Columbia University
Known for	Mead\u2013Conway VLSI chip design revolution transgender activism
Spouses	\n \"Sue\" (pseudonym) \n (m. 1963; div. 1968) \n Charles Rogers (m. 2002)
Awards	Harold Pender Award (1984) John Price Wetherill Medal (1985) Secretary of Defense Meritorious Civilian Service Award (1985) National Academy of Engineering (1989) Computer Pioneer Award (2009) Computer History Museum Fellow (2014)^[1] IEEE/RSE James Clerk Maxwell Medal (2015) National Inventors Hall of Fame (2023)
Scientific career
Fields	Computer science Electrical engineering
Institutions	IBM Advanced Computing Systems (1964\u201368) Memorex Xerox PARC (1973\u20131983) DARPA (1983\u20131985) University of Michigan
\n

Lynn Ann Conway (January 2, 1938 \u2013 June 9, 2024) was an American computer scientist, electrical engineer, and transgender activist.\n

In the 1960s, while working at IBM, Conway invented generalized dynamic instruction handling, a key advancement used in out-of-order execution, used by most modern computer processors to improve performance. IBM fired Conway in 1968 after she revealed her intention to undergo a gender transition, which the company apologized for in 2020.\n

Following her transition, Conway adopted a new name and identity and restarted her career. She worked at Xerox PARC from 1973 to 1983, where she led the \"LSI Systems\" group. She initiated the Mead\u2013Conway VLSI chip design revolution in very large-scale integrated (VLSI) microchip design, which reshaped the field of microchip design during the 1980s.\n

Conway joined the University of Michigan as a professor of electrical engineering and computer science in 1985. She retired from active teaching and research in 1998 as professor emerita. Conway began publicly discussing her gender transition in 1999 and was a transgender activist until her death in 2024.\n

\n\n

Early life and education

[edit]

Conway was born in Mount Vernon, New York, on January 2, 1938 to Christine Alice (n\u00e9e Burney) Savage (1904\u20131977) and Rufus Savage (1904\u20131966).^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Raised as a boy, Conway was brought up in Hartsdale and White Plains, New York, as a shy child who experienced gender dysphoria. After her parents divorced in 1945, Conway and her younger brother, Blair Savage (1941\u20132022), were raised by their mother. Conway became fascinated by astronomy (building a 6-inch (150 mm) reflector telescope one summer) and did well in math and science in school.^[6]\n

After graduating from White Plains High School in 1955, Conway entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and began an attempted gender transition in 1957. Facing a lack of social and medical support, she withdrew from MIT in 1959 and eventually detransitioned.^[6]\n

After working as an electronics technician for several years, Conway resumed education at Columbia University's School of Engineering and Applied Science, earning B.S. and M.S.E.E. degrees in 1962 and 1963.^[6]^[7]\n

Early research at IBM

[edit]

Conway was recruited by IBM Research in Yorktown Heights, New York, in 1964, and was soon selected to join the architecture team designing an advanced supercomputer, working alongside John Cocke, Brian Randell, Herbert Schorr, Ed Sussenguth, Fran Allen and other IBM researchers on the Advanced Computing Systems (ACS) project, inventing multiple-issue out-of-order dynamic instruction scheduling while working there.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] The Computer History Museum has stated that \"The ACS architecture ... appears to have been the first 'superscalar' design\".^[13]\n

Gender transition

[edit]

After learning about Harry Benjamin's pioneering research in healthcare for transsexual women, which included the feasibility of sex reassignment surgery, Conway sought his assistance. Struggling with severe clinical depression due to gender dysphoria, she contacted Dr. Benjamin, who agreed to provide counseling and prescribed hormone replacement therapy, which Conway resumed in 1967.^[14]\n

While struggling with life in a male role, Conway had married a woman in 1963 and had two children. Under the legal constraints then in place, she was denied access to their children after transitioning.^[14]\n

Although she had hoped to be allowed to transition on the job, IBM fired Conway in 1968 after she revealed her intention to transition.^[15] In 2020, IBM publicly apologized to Conway for firing her at a public event with Diane Gherson, then IBM's senior vice president of human relations. At the event, Conway was awarded the IBM Lifetime Achievement Award for her work at IBM and later work.^[16]^[17]\n

Post-transition career

[edit]

Upon completing her gender transition in 1968, Conway took a new name and identity and restarted her career in stealth-mode as a contract programmer at Computer Applications, Inc. She then worked as a digital system designer and computer architect at Memorex from 1969 to 1972.^[14]^[18]\n

Conway joined Xerox PARC in 1973, where she led the \"LSI Systems\" group under Bert Sutherland.^[19]^[20] When in PARC, Conway founded the multiproject wafers (MPW) technology.^[21] Collaborating with Ivan Sutherland and Carver Mead on very-large-scale integration (VLSI) design methodology, she co-authored Introduction to VLSI Systems, a groundbreaking work that would soon become a standard textbook in chip design, used in nearly 120 universities by 1983.^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25] With over 70,000 copies sold, and the new integration of her MPC79/MOSIS innovations, the Mead and Conway revolution became part of VLSI design.^[23]^[26]\n

In 1978, Conway served as a visiting associate professor of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT, teaching a now-famous VLSI design course based on a Mead\u2013Conway text draft.^[14] The course validated the new design methods and textbook and established the syllabus and instructor's guidebook used in later courses worldwide.^[27]^[28]\n

Among Conway's contributions was the invention of dimensionless, scalable design rules that greatly simplified chip design and design tools,^[9]^[7]^[29] and invention of a new form of internet-based infrastructure for rapid prototyping and short-run fabrication of large numbers of chip designs.^[9]^[30] They aimed to address the escalating complexity of chip design, as traditional methods struggled to keep pace with Moore's law.^[31] The new infrastructure was institutionalized as the Metal Oxide Semiconductor Implementation Service (MOSIS) system in 1981. Mead and Conway received Electronics magazine's annual award of achievement in 1981.^[32]^[33] VLSI researcher Charles Seitz commented that \"MOSIS represented the first period since the pioneering work of Eckert and Mauchley on the ENIAC in the late 1940s that universities and small companies had access to state-of-the-art digital technology.\"^[30]\n

The impact and research methods underlying the development of the Mead\u2013Conway VLSI design methodology and the MOSIS prototype are detailed in a 1981 Xerox report,^[34] the Euromicro Journal,^[35] and several historical overviews of computing.^[30]^[36]^[37]^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42] Mead-Conway's methods also came under ethnographic study in 1980 by PARC anthropologist Lucy Suchman, who published her interviews with Conway in 2021.^[43]^[44]\n

In 1983, Conway left Xerox to join DARPA, where she was a key architect of the United States Department of Defense's Strategic Computing Initiative.^[7]^[45] In a contemporary USA Today article about Conway's joining DARPA, Mark Stefik, a Xerox scientist who worked with her, said \"Lynn would like to live five lives in the course of one life\".^[46] Douglas Fairbairn, a former Xerox associate, said \"She figures out a way so that everybody wins.\"^[46] In The Net Effect, sociologist Thomas Streeter wrote that Conway\u2019s decision to join DARPA reflected her rejection of antiwar liberalism.^[47]\n

Conway joined the University of Michigan in 1985 as professor of electrical engineering and computer science and associate dean of engineering. There, she specialized in visual communications and designing control systems for hybrid internet and broadband-cable user interfaces.^[7] She retired from active teaching and research in 1998 as professor emerita at Michigan.^[48]^[49]\n

Computer science legacy

[edit]

The Mead\u2013Conway VLSI chip design revolution quickly spread through research universities and the computing industry during the 1980s. It fostered the growth of the electronic design automation industry, established the foundry model for chip design and manufacturing, and spurred a wave of influential technology startups throughout the 1980s and 1990s.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[13]^[50]\n

In the fall of 2012, the IEEE published a special issue of the IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine devoted to Conway's career,^[51]^[52] including a career memoir by Conway^[15] and peer commentaries by Chuck House,^[53] former Director of Engineering at HP, Carlo S\u00e9quin,^[54] and Kenneth L Shepard.^[55]^[53] James F. Gibbons stated in his tribute that Conway, from his perspective, \"was the singular force behind the entire 'foundry' development that emerged.\"^[53]^[55]^[56] Subsequently the scope of Conway's contributions gained wider retrospective attention. \"Since I didn't #LookLikeanEngineer, few people caught on to what I was really doing back in the 70s and 80s,\" Conway later said.^[17]\n

In 2020, National Academy of Engineering President John L. Anderson stated that \"Lynn Conway is not only a revolutionary pioneer in the design of VLSI systems ... But just as important, Lynn has been very brave in telling her own story, and her perseverance has been a reminder to society that it should not be blind to the innovations of women, people of color, or others who don't fit long outdated \u2013 but unfortunately, persistent \u2013 perceptions of what an engineer looks like.\"^[17]\n

Conway named the phenomenon of women and people of color being overlooked in historical accounts of innovations \"the Conway Effect.\"^[57] She described it in the IEEE Computer Society's Computer magazine: \"This is seldom deliberate\u2014rather, it's a result of the accumulation of advantage by those who are expected to innovate.\"^[57]\n

In 2023, Lynn Conway collaborated with Jim Boulton to create Lines in the Sand,^[58] a short comic book that tells the story of the invention VLSI. The launch event^[59] took place at the Centre for Computing History on November 23, 2023.\n

Transgender activism

[edit]

When nearing retirement, Conway learned that the story of her early work at IBM might soon be revealed through the investigations of Mark Smotherman that were being prepared for a 2001 publication.^[8] She began coming out in 1999 to friends and colleagues about her gender transition,^[60]^[61]^[62] using her website to tell her story.^[6] Her life story was then more widely reported in 2000 in profiles in Scientific American^[11] and the Los Angeles Times.^[14] In a later Forbes interview, Conway commented \"From the 1970s to 1999 I was recognized as breaking the gender barrier in the computer science field as a woman, but in 2000 it became the transgender barrier I was breaking.\"^[17]\n

After sharing her story publicly, Conway began working in transgender activism to raise awareness, protect and expand trans rights, and promote understanding of gender identity and the process of gender transition.^[63] She provided assistance to numerous other transgender women and maintained a website providing medical resources and emotional advice.^[64] She maintained a website titled \"Transsexual Women's Successes\" to, in her words, \"provide role models for individuals who are facing gender transition.\"^[65] Her website also provided news related to transgender issues and information on gender-affirming surgery and academic inquiries into the prevalence of transsexualism^[66] and transgender and transsexual issues in general.^[67]^[68]\n

She also advocated for equal opportunities and employment protections for transgender people in high-technology industry,^[69]^[70]^[71]^[72]^[73]^[74] and for elimination of the pathologization of transgender people by the psychiatric community.^[75]^[76]\n

Conway was a critic of Blanchard's transsexualism typology.^[77] Along with Andrea James and Deirdre McCloskey, she was a key person in the campaign against J. Michael Bailey's book about the theory, The Man Who Would Be Queen.^[78]^[79] Conway and McCloskey accused Bailey of conducting research on human subjects without their knowledge, sending letters to Northwestern University about this alleged misconduct.^[77]\n

Alice Dreger, in her book Galileo's Middle Finger, criticized Conway for filing a lawsuit against Bailey. Conway alleged Bailey lacked a clinical psychologist license when he wrote letters in support of a young trans woman seeking to transition. Dreger countered that Bailey did not need a license as he provided his services without compensation. Dreger noted that Bailey was transparent in his letters, detailing his brief interactions with the women and his qualifications, which likely explained why Illinois authorities did not act on the complaint.^[80] Conway responded, accusing Dreger of misrepresenting the controversy by portraying it as a personal attack on Bailey rather than addressing the broader protest from the trans community.^[81]\n

Conway was a cast member in the first all-transgender performance of The Vagina Monologues in Los Angeles in 2004,^[82] and appeared in a Logo documentary film about that event entitled Beautiful Daughters.^[60]^[83]\n

In 2009, Conway was named one of the \"Stonewall 40 trans heroes\" on the 40th anniversary of the Stonewall riots by the International Court System and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.^[84]^[85]\n

In 2013, with support from many tech industry leaders, Conway and Leandra Vicci of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill lobbied the directors of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers for transgender inclusion in the their code of ethics.^[86] The code became fully LGBT inclusive in January 2014.^[87]^[88]^[89]\n

In 2014, Time Magazine named Conway as one of \"21 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture\".^[90]\n

In 2015, she was selected for inclusion in \"The Trans100\"^[91] and was interviewed in 2020 for inclusion in the Trans Activism Oral History Project.^[92]\n

Personal life and death

[edit]

Conway married a woman in 1963, and they had two daughters together. Following their divorce in 1968, Conway was denied access to their children.^[14]\n

In 1987, Conway met her husband Charles \"Charlie\" Rogers, a professional engineer who shared her interest in the outdoors, including whitewater canoeing and motocross racing.^[14]^[93] They soon started living together and bought a house with 24 acres (9.7 ha) of meadow, marsh, and woodland in rural Jackson, Michigan in 1994.^[14] They were married on August 13, 2002.^[12]^[60]^[94] In 2014, the University of Michigan's The Michigan Engineer alumni magazine documented the connections between Conway's engineering explorations and her personal life.^[95]^[96]\n

Conway died from a heart condition at her home on June 9, 2024, at the age of 86.^[97]^[98]\n

Awards and honors

[edit]

Conway received a number of awards and distinctions:\n

Electronics 1981 Award for Achievement, with Carver Mead^[99]
Harold Pender Award of the Moore School, University of Pennsylvania, with Carver Mead, 1984^[100]
IEEE EAB Major Educational Innovation Award, 1984^[101]
Fellow of the IEEE, 1985, \"for contributions to VLSI technology\"^[102]
John Price Wetherill Medal of the Franklin Institute, with Carver Mead, 1985^[103]
Secretary of Defense Meritorious Civilian Service Award, May 1985^[48]^[104]
Member of the National Academy of Engineering, 1989^[105]
National Achievement Award, Society of Women Engineers, 1990^[106]
Presidential Appointment to the United States Air Force Academy Board of Visitors, 1996^[107]
Honorary Doctorate, Trinity College, 1998^[108]
Electronic Design Hall of Fame, 2002^[109]
Engineer of the Year, National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals, 2005^[110]
Named one of the \"Stonewall 40 trans heroes\" by the Imperial Court System and the National LGBTQ Task Force, 2009.^[84]^[85]
Computer Pioneer Award, IEEE Computer Society, 2009^[9]
Member of the Corporation, Emerita, The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, 1993\u20132010^[111]
Fellow Award, Computer History Museum, 2014, \"For her work in developing and disseminating new methods of integrated circuit design.\"^[112]
Honorary Doctorate, Illinois Institute of Technology, 2014^[113]
Steinmetz Memorial Lecture, (Invitational), IEEE/Union College, 2015.^[114]
IEEE/RSE James Clerk Maxwell Medal, 2015^[115]
Magill Lecture in Science, Technology and the Arts (Invited), Columbia University, 2016^[116]^[117]
Honorary Doctorate, University of Victoria, 2016^[118]^[119]
Fellow Award, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2016^[120]^[121]^[122]^[123]
Honorary Doctorate and Commencement Address, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 2018^[124]
Pioneer in Tech Award, National Center for Women in Technology (NCWIT), 2019^[125]
Lifetime Achievement Award, IBM Corporation, 2020^[16]
Induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame (NIHF), 2023^[126]
Honorary Doctorate, Princeton University, 2023.^[127]
Honorary Doctor of Science, Syracuse University, 2024^[128]

Selected works

[edit]

Mead, Carver; Conway, Lynn (1980). Introduction to VLSI Systems. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0201043580.
Conway, L. (February 1981). \"THE MPC ADVENTURES: Experiences with the Generation of VLSI Design and Implementation Methodologies\" (PDF). Xerox PARC Technical Report VLSI-81-2.
Conway, L. (September 23, 1982). \"The Design of VLSI Design Methods\" (PDF). Proc. VUB European Solid-State Circuits Conference (Invited Lecture). Vrije Universiteit Br\u00fcssel, Brussels, Belgium: 106\u2013117.
Conway, Lynn (2012). \"Reminiscences of the VLSI Revolution: How a Series of Failures Triggered a Paradigm Shift in Digital Design\" (PDF). Solid-State Circuits Magazine. Vol. 4, no. 4. IEEE. pp. 8\u201331. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215752.
Conway, L. (October 2018). \"The Disappeared: Beyond Winning and Losing\". Computer. Vol. 51. IEEE Computer Society. pp. 66\u201373.
Conway, Lynn (2011). \"IBM-ACS: Reminiscences and Lessons Learned from a 1960's Supercomputer Project\" (PDF). In Jones, C. B.; Lloyd, J. L. (eds.). Dependable and Historic Computing: Essays Dedicated to Brian Randell on the Occasion of his 75th Birthday. Springer-Verlag. pp. 185\u2013224. ISBN 978-3-642-24541-1.
Conway, Lynn. \"Lynn Conway's IBM-ACS Archive\". University of Michigan. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
Conway, L.; Randell, Brian; Senzig, D. (February 23, 1966). \"Dynamic Instruction Scheduling\" (PDF). IBM-ACS.
Rozenberg, D.; Conway, L.; Riekert, R. (March 15, 1966). \"ACS Simulation Technique\" (PDF). IBM-ACS.
Conway, L. (August 25, 1967). \"MPM Timing Simulation\" (PDF). IBM-ACS.
Conway, L. (November 29, 1967). \"ACS Logic Design Conventions: A Guide for the Novice\" (PDF). IBM-ACS.
Conway, L (October 31, 1967). \"A Proposed ACS Logic Simulation System\" (PDF). IBM-ACS.
Conway, L. (August 6, 1968). \"The Computer Design Process: A Proposed Plan for ACS\" (PDF). IBM-ACS.

Patents

[edit]

US 5046022, Conway, Lynn; Volz, Richard & Walker, Michael, \"Teleautonomous System and Method Employing Time/Position Synchrony/Desynchrony\", issued September 3, 1991.
US 5444476, Conway, Lynn, \"System and Method for Teleinteraction\", issued August 22, 1995
US 5652849, Conway, Lynn & Cohen, Charles, \"Apparatus and Method for Remote Control Using a Visual Information Stream\", issued July 20, 1997
US 5719622, Conway, Lynn, \"Visual Control Selection of Remote Mechanisms\", issued February 17, 1998
US 5745782, Conway, Lynn, \"Method and System for Organizing and Presenting Audio/Visual Information\", issued April 28, 1998

References

[edit]

^ \"CHM 2014 Fellow \"For her work in developing and disseminating new methods of integrated circuit design\"\". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on July 3, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2018.\n
^ Trip Gabriel (June 15, 2024). \"Lynn Conway, Computing Pioneer and Transgender Advocate, Dies at 86\". The New York Times.\n
^ Saari, Peggy; Allison, Stephen; Ellavich, Marie C. (1996). Scientists: A-F. U-X-L. ISBN 978-0-7876-0960-3.\n
^ Lee, John A. N. (1995). International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers. Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 1-884964-47-8.\n
^ \"Computer Pioneers - Lynn Conway\". IEEE Computer Society. IEEE. Archived from the original on November 10, 2014. Retrieved November 10, 2014.\n
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Conway, Lynn (March 15, 2004). \"Lynn Conway's Retrospective PART I: CHILDHOOD AND EDUCATION\". lynnconway.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved July 9, 2008.\n
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Kilbane, Doris (October 20, 2003). \"Lynn Conway: A Trailblazer On Professional, Personal Levels\". Products > News. Electronic Design. Archived from the original on June 8, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2023.\n
^ ^a ^b ^c Smotherman, Mark. \"IBM Advanced Computing Systems (ACS) \u2013 1961\u20131969\". Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved July 8, 2008.\n
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e \"Lynn Conway: 2009 Computer Pioneer Award Recipient\". IEEE Computer Society. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2010.\n
^ ^a ^b Lynn Conway receives 2009 IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award. IEEE Computer Society. July 30, 2010. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2024 – via YouTube.\n
^ ^a ^b Wallich, Paul (December 2000). \"Profile: Lynn Conway\u2014Completing the Circuit\". Scientific American. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013.\n
^ ^a ^b Dianne Lynch, \"The Secret Behind 'Project Y': One Woman's Success Story \u2014 'What Works, Works' Archived February 17, 2023, at the Wayback Machine\", ABCNews.com, November 29, 2001.\n
^ ^a ^b \"CHM Events: IBM ACS System: A Pioneering Supercomputer Project of the 1960's\". Computer History Museum. February 18, 2010. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010.\n
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Hiltzik, Michael A. (November 19, 2000.) \"Through the Gender Labyrinth.\" Archived October 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times Magazine, page 1. (Free reprint Archived January 9, 2023, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on September 19, 2007.)\n
^ ^a ^b Conway, Lynn (2012). \"Reminiscences of the VLSI revolution: How a series of failures triggered a paradigm shift in digital design\" (PDF). IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine. 4 (4). IEEE: 8\u201331. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215752. ISSN 1943-0582. S2CID 9286356. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.\n
^ ^a ^b Alicandri, Jeremy (November 18, 2020). \"IBM Apologizes For Firing Computer Pioneer For Being Transgender...52 Years Later\". Forbes. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2020.\n
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Alicandri, Jeremy. \"IBM Apologizes For Firing Computer Pioneer For Being Transgender...52 Years Later\". Forbes. Archived from the original on November 21, 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2020.\n
^ \"Lynn Conway's Retrospective PART III: Starting Over\". Ai.eecs.umich.edu. May 12, 1960. Archived from the original on November 26, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2013.\n
^ Goldberg, Adele J. (September 1980). \"About This Issue...\" ACM Computing Surveys. 12 (3): 257\u2013258. doi:10.1145/356819.356820. ISSN 0360-0300. S2CID 27661653. Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2016.\n
^ Walker, Rob; Tersini, Nancy (1992). Silicon Destiny: The Story of Application Specific Integrated Circuits and LSI Logic Corporation. Walker Research Associates. ISBN 0-9632654-0-7.\n
^ \"Sense of Wonder Motivates VLSI Chip Revolutionary, Lynn Conway\". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.\n
^ Conway, Lynn (December 31, 2012). \"The 'Sutherland Letter' of 1976\". Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020.\n
^ ^a ^b \"Impact of the Mead-Conway VLSI Design Methodology and of the MOSIS Service\". ai.eecs.umich.edu. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.\n
^ Wallich, Paul (December 2000). \"Profile: Lynn Conway\u2014Completing the Circuit\". Scientific American. Archived from the original on October 28, 2006. Retrieved April 24, 2024.\n
^ Smith, Gina (December 3, 2007). \"Unsung innovators: Lynn Conway and Carver Mead: They literally wrote the book on chip design\". Computerworld. Archived from the original on December 26, 2008. Retrieved April 24, 2024.\n
^ Miller, Chris (2022). Chip War: The Fight for the World's Most Critical Technology. Scribner. pp. 136\u2013137, 140, 166, 378.\n
^ The MIT'78 VLSI System Design Course: A Guidebook for the Instructor of VLSI System Design Archived December 5, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Lynn Conway, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, August 12, 1979.\n
^ Paul Penfield \"The VLSI Revolution at MIT\" by Paul Penfield Archived August 9, 2014, at the Wayback Machine 2014 MIT EECS Connector, Spring 2014, pp. 11\u201313.\n
^ Carliss Y. Baldwin and Kim B. Clark (2000). Design Rules: The Power of Modularity. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-02466-7.\n
^ ^a ^b ^c National Research Council (1999), Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research, National Academy Press (excerpt Archived February 17, 2023, at the Wayback Machine)\n
^ \"Lynn Conway\". Gebbie Lab. January 29, 2024. Archived from the original on April 25, 2024. Retrieved April 24, 2024.\n
^ \"Impact of the Mead-Conway VLSI Design Methodology and of the MOSIS Service\". ai.eecs.umich.edu. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.\n
^ \"The MOSIS Service \u2013 More than 50,000 designs in 25 years of operation\", http://www.mosis.com/ Archived August 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, 2008\n
^ THE MPC Adventures: Experiences with the Generation of VLSI Design and Implementation Methodologies Archived January 9, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, Lynn Conway, Xerox PARC Technical Report VLSI-81-2, January 19, 1981.\n
^ THE MPC Adventures: Experiences with the Generation of VLSI Design and Implementation Methodologies Archived May 6, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, by Lynn Conway, Microprocessing and Microprogramming \u2013 The Euromicro Journal, Vol. 10, No. 4, November 1982, pp 209\u2013228.\n
^ Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology Archived October 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, by Committee on Criteria for Federal Support of Research and Development, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1995, page 75.\n
^ \"Figure II.13: Technological Developments in Computing\", in Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology, National Academy Press, Washington, DC 1995, page 75.\". Ai.eecs.umich.edu. May 7, 1999. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2013.\n
^ Evolving the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Support the Nation's Information Infrastructure Archived August 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, by Committee to Study High Performance Computing and Communications: Status of a Major Initiative, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1995, page 20.\n
^ \"Figure 1.2: Government-sponsored computing research and development stimulates creation of innovative ideas and industries\", in Evolving the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Support the Nation's Information Infrastructure, National Academy Press, 1995, page 20.\". Ai.eecs.umich.edu. May 7, 1999. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2013.\n
^ Feinstein, Jonathan S. (2023). Creativity in Large-Scale Contexts. Stanford University Press. pp. 196\u2013199, 266\u2013270, 299\u2013304.\n
^ The VLSI Archive Archived February 8, 2013, at archive.today, by Lynn Conway, Electronic Design News, June 3, 2009.\n
^ \"VLSI Archive: An online archive of documents and artifacts from the Mead-Conway VLSI design revolution\". Ai.eecs.umich.edu. Archived from the original on December 8, 2007. Retrieved December 5, 2013.\n
^ Suchman, Lucy (March 1, 2021). \"A Sociotechnical Exchange, Redux\". Backchannels | Reflections. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021.\n
^ Conway, Lynn; Suchman, Lucy (February 28, 2021). \"Conway-Suchman conversation\". Conway Suchman Conversation. Archived from the original on April 25, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.\n
^ Dwight B. Davis \"Assessing the Stragetic Computing Initiative,\" by Dwight B. Davis Archived January 27, 2023, at the Wayback Machine High Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, April 1985.\n
^ ^a ^b Osborn, Michelle (June 7, 1983). \"Hi-tech researcher chips in to develop smart computer\" (PDF). USA Today. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 20, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2024.\n
^ \"The Net Effect, Romanticism, Capitalism, and the Internet\" Archived March 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Thomas Steeter, New York University Press, 2011, p, 101.\n
^ ^a ^b \"Lynn Conway awarded Emerita status at the University of Michigan\". University of Michigan. December 31, 1998. Archived from the original on December 5, 2003. Retrieved April 24, 2024.\n
^ Moore, Nicole Casal (June 11, 2024). \"The legacy of Lynn Conway, chip design pioneer and transgender-rights advocate\". Michigan Engineering News. Retrieved June 12, 2024.\n
^ Smotherman, Mark; Spicer, Dag (December 2010). \"IBM's single-processor supercomputer efforts\". Communications of the ACM. 53 (12): 28\u201330. doi:10.1145/1859204.1859216. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved June 7, 2024.\n
^ Lanzerotti, Mary, ed. (2012). \"Editor's Note\" (PDF). IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine. 4. IEEE: 1. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2012.2214274. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 29, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2013.\n
^ \"Solid-State Circuits Publishes Special Issue with Lynn Conway's Memoir of the VLSI Revolution\" Archived May 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Michigan EECS News, January 31, 2013.\n
^ ^a ^b ^c House, Chuck (2012). \"A Paradigm Shift Was Happening All Around Us\" (PDF). IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine. 4 (4). IEEE: 32\u201335. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215759. ISSN 1943-0582. S2CID 8738682. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 8, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.\n
^ Sequin, Carlo (2012). \"Witnessing the Birth of VLSI Design\" (PDF). IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine. 4 (4). IEEE: 36\u201339. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215758. ISSN 1943-0582. S2CID 20280958. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2013.\n
^ ^a ^b Shepard, Ken (2012). \"\"Covering\": How We Missed the Inside-Story of the VLSI Revolution\" (PDF). IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine. 4 (4). IEEE: 40\u201342. doi:10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215757. ISSN 1943-0582. S2CID 25240158. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.\n
^ ACM News (October 12, 2018). \"Lynn Conway and the VLSI Revolution in Microchip Design\". Communications of the ACM. Archived from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2020.\n
^ ^a ^b \"CSDL | IEEE Computer Society\". www.computer.org. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2024.\n
^ Boulton, Jim (2024). Lines in the Sand, The Lynn Conway Story (Unsung Heroes of the Information Age). Unsung Heroes (published February 21, 2024). ASIN B0CW1LNGFD.\n
^ The Centre for Computing History (April 26, 2024). Lynn Conway \u2013 If you want to change the future, start living as if you're already there. Archived from the original on June 6, 2024. Retrieved June 6, 2024 – via YouTube.\n
^ ^a ^b ^c \"Beautiful Daughters Cast: Lynn Conway\" Archived October 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, LOGO Channel, 2006\n
^ \"Class Notes: 2002 Inductees: Here's how many of our 2002 Hall Of Famers enjoy their leisure time and how they still give back to society\" Archived October 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Doris Kilbane, Electronic Design, October 20, 2003.\n
^ \"Secrets Are Out: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender engineers are no longer willing to hide their true selves\" Archived November 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Jaimie Schock, Prism Magazine, American Society of Engineering Education, October 2011, pp. 44\u201347.\n
^ \"Lynn Conway's homepage\". Ai.eecs.umich.edu. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.\n
^ \"Status of translations of Lynn's webpages, 12-10-13\". December 10, 2013. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved December 23, 2013.\n
^ \"Transsexual Women's Successes\". Ai.eecs.umich.edu. Archived from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.\n
^ Olyslager F, Conway L (2008). Transseksualiteit komt vaker voor dan u denkt [Transsexualism is more common than you think]. Tijdschrift voor Genderstudies, Vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 39\u201351, 2008. (abstract in English Archived March 7, 2023, at the Wayback Machine)\n
^ \"\"Profile: Lynn Conway,\" Human Rights Campaign (HRC) website\". HRC. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.\n
^ \"Biographies of famous LGBT people: Science: Professor Lynn Conway, Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans History Month website\". Lgbthistorymonth.org.uk. Archived from the original on April 6, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2013.\n
^ \"Embracing Diversity \u2013 HP employees in Fort Collins, Colorado, welcome Dr. Lynn Conway\" Archived October 31, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, hpNOW, February 8, 2001.\n
^ \"Computer pioneer speaks from the heart about diversity: Transsexual talks at HP, CSU\" Archived February 17, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, by Kate Forgach, Fort Collins Coloradoan, January 26, 2001.\n
^ \"Chipping Away at Prejudice\" Archived February 17, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, by Sarah Wildman, The Advocate, March 13, 2001.\n
^ \"What's pride got to do with it?\" Archived December 5, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, by Teri Warner, Employee Communications, Circuit for Employees@Intel, July 1, 2003.\n
^ \"Why HR should wake up to the needs of transsexual employees\" Archived April 6, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, by Christine Burns, Personnel Today, November 18, 2003.\n
^ \"Professor Lynn Conway, Guest at Out & Equal\". Ai.eecs.umich.edu. Archived from the original on October 9, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2018.\n
^ \"Dr. Kenneth Zucker's War on Transgenders\". Queerty. February 6, 2009. Archived from the original on April 9, 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2009.\n
^ Antoine, Chagmion (March 6, 2009). \"Transgender Crusader \u2013 A professor at the University of Michigan is taking on the psychiatric community's ideas about transgendered people and mental illness\". CBS News / YouTube. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021.\n
^ ^a ^b Carey, Benedict (August 21, 2007). \"Criticism of a Gender Theory, and a Scientist Under Siege\". New York Times. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2017.\n
^ Dreger, A. D. (2008). \"The controversy surrounding The man who would be queen: A case history of the politics of science, identity, and sex in the Internet age\". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 37 (3): 366\u2013421. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9301-1. PMC 3170124. PMID 18431641.\n
^ Conway, Lynn (July 16, 2003). \"Shockingly defamatory official publicity by the US National Academies for Bailey's book\". lynnconway.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020.\n
^ Dreger, Alice (March 10, 2015). \"Galileo's Middle Finger: Heretics, Activists, and One Scholar's Search for Justice\". Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2020.\n
^ Conway, Lynn (June 18, 2008). \"Dreger's Defense of J. Michael Bailey: The Peer Commentary Papers Tear It Apart\". Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.\n
^ VDay LA 2004 Commemorative Page Archived August 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, DeepStealth Productions, Los Angeles California, 2004.\n
^ \"Beautiful Daughters\" Archived February 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, a documentary by Josh Aronson and Ariel Orr Jordan, LOGO Channel, 2006.\n
^ ^a ^b \"Trans Hero: Lynn Conway\". Stonewall 40: Trans Heroes. International Court System. 2009. Archived from the original on June 15, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2009.\n
^ ^a ^b \"Recognizing Outstanding Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Individuals in the Struggle for LGBT Equality\". National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. June 10, 2009. Archived from the original on September 30, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2009.\n
^ Beyer, Dana (January 8, 2014). \"Leadership and the Value of Exceptional Allies\". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on March 31, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2014.\n
^ \"IEEE at a Glace\". IEEE. Archived from the original on January 22, 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2014.\n
^ \"IEEE Code of Ethics\". IEEE. Archived from the original on July 23, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2014.\n
^ McCarty, Maureen (January 13, 2014). \"The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Adopts LGBT-Inclusive Code of Ethics\". HRC. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2014.\n
^ \"21 Transgender People Who Influenced American Culture\". Time. May 29, 2014. Archived from the original on August 5, 2016. Retrieved June 4, 2014.\n
^ \"The Trans 100\". The Trans 100. Archived from the original on June 6, 2024. Retrieved June 11, 2024.\n
^ Taylor, Evan (February 4, 2020). \"Trans Activism Oral History Project \u2013 Lynn Conway Full Interview\". The ArQuives. Archived from the original on June 13, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023.\n
^ Forman, Ross (September 18, 2013) \"Transgender pioneer reflects on sports past\" Archived November 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Windy City Times.\n
^ \"A Wedding Trip to Mackinac Island\". 2002. Archived from the original on September 28, 2002.\n
^ Nicole Casal Moore,\"Life, Engineered: How Lynn Conway reinvented her world and ours Archived May 11, 2024, at the Wayback Machine The Michigan Engineer, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Fall 2014, pp. 42\u201349.\n
^ Marcin Szczepanski and Evan Dougherty,\"A Place to Be Wild Archived August 19, 2016, at the Wayback Machine,\" Michigan Engineering, October 8, 2014.\n
^ Hiltzik, Michael (June 11, 2024). \"Lynn Conway, leading computer scientist and transgender pioneer, dies at 85\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 12, 2024. Retrieved June 12, 2024.\n
^ Moore, Nicole Casal (June 11, 2024). \"The legacy of Lynn Conway, chip design pioneer and transgender-rights advocate\". Michigan Engineering. Retrieved June 11, 2024.\n
^ \"The 1981 Achievement Award \u2013 Lynn Conway, Carver Mead\" Archived February 17, 2023, at the Wayback Machine by Martin Marshall, Larry Waller, and Howard Wolff, Electronics, October 20, 1981\n
^ \"Penn Engineering: The Harold Pender Award\". Archived from the original on July 5, 2008.\n
^ \"IEEE EAB Major Educational Innovation Award, 1984\". Ieee.org. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008. Retrieved December 5, 2013.\n
^ \"Services Update\". Ieee.org. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2018.\n
^ \"Franklin Institute honors eight physicists\" Archived February 17, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, Physics Today, July 1985.\n
^ \"Secretary of Defense Meritorious Achievement Award, May 1985\" Archived October 30, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Meritorious Service Award, May 1985.\n
^ NAE Member Directory, Section 05. Archived October 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (year from The White House Office of the Press Secretary Archived October 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine)\n
^ \"Society of Women Engineers: Achievement Award Winners\". Archived from the original on February 16, 2012.\n
^ President Clinton Names Lynn Conway to the Air Force Academy Board of Visitors\" Archived October 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, The White House Office of the Press Secretary, January 31, 1996.\n
^ \"100 years of engineering excellence\". Archived from the original on June 15, 2002. Retrieved August 17, 2008., Trinity Reporter, Trinity College, Hartford, CN, Winter 98.\n
^ \"Electronic Design Hall of Fame \u2013 2002 Inductees\" Archived February 17, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, Electronic Design, October 21, 2002.\n
^ \"NOGLSTP to Honor Aberson, Conway, and Raytheon at Awards Ceremony in February\" Archived October 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Press Release, National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists and Technical Professionals, January 25, 2005.\n
^ \"The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Members of the Corporation\". Draper.com. Archived from the original on December 10, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.\n
^ \"\"Lynn Conway: 2014 Fellow\", Computer History Museum, 2014 Fellow Awards\". Computerhistory.org. Archived from the original on July 3, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2018.\n
^ \"Illinois Institute of Technology, ITT Commencement\" Archived August 12, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, May 17, 2014.\n
^ \"Technology innovator to headline Steinmetz Memorial Lecture\". Union.edu. Archived from the original on April 12, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2018.\n
^ \"Lynn Conway Receives 2015 IEEE/RSE James Clerk Maxwell Medal\". December 5, 2014.\n
^ Conway, Lynn (March 23, 2016), \"Our Travels Through Techno-Social Space-Time: Envisioning Incoming Waves of Technological Innovation\", 2016 Magill Lecture in Science, Technology and the Arts, Columbia University, archived from the original on October 29, 2022, retrieved February 17, 2023\n
^ Adams, Jesse (April 7, 2016). \"Magill Lecture: Visionary Engineer Lynn Conway BS'62, MS'63 Heralds Dawn of the Techno-Social Age\". Columbia University. Archived from the original on December 31, 2017. Retrieved July 10, 2016.\n
^ \"University of Victoria News, Leaders in computing, athletics, telecommunications and public service receive honorary degrees\" Archived August 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, September 14, 2016.\n
^ \"Lynn Conway: Honorary Doctor of Engineering\". University of Victoria. November 9, 2016. Archived from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2018.\n
^ \"Lynn Conway. AAAS\". Aaas.org. Archived from the original on March 7, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2018.\n
^ \"2016 Fellow\". AAAS\". Aaas.org. Archived from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2018.\n
^ \"O'Hara, Delia (28 August 2017). \"Sense of Wonder Motivates VLSI Chip Revolutionary, Lynn Conway\". AAAS\". Aaas.org. Archived from the original on March 7, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2018.\n
^ \"Member Spotlight. \"Lynn Conway\". AAAS\". Aaas.org. Archived from the original on March 7, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2018.\n
^ Robertson, Zach (October 18, 2018). \"Computing pioneer to receive honorary U-M doctorate\". Michigan Engineering News. Archived from the original on June 15, 2019.\n
^ \"2019 NCWIT Summit: Lynn Conway \u2013 Pioneer Award Ceremony\". Nashville, TN. May 16, 2019. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2020.\n
^ \"Lynn Conway, Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI)\". National Inventors Hall of Fame. January 6, 2023. Archived from the original on January 21, 2023.\n
^ Princeton awards five honorary degrees. (May 30, 2023). Princeton University. https://www.princeton.edu/news/2023/05/30/princeton-awards-five-honorary-degrees Archived June 3, 2023, at the Wayback Machine\n
^ \"5 Honorary Degrees to Be Presented at 2024 Commencement\". April 19, 2024. Archived from the original on May 28, 2024. Retrieved May 26, 2024.\n

External links

[edit]

$\"\"$

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lynn Conway.

Authority control databases $\"Edit$
International	ISNI VIAF WorldCat
National	Germany United States Japan Netherlands Norway Israel Belgium
Academics	CiNii Association for Computing Machinery DBLP
Other	IdRef SNAC

\n\n\n\n\n

"},"headhtml":{"*":"\n\n\n\n - Wikipedia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"}}}

Early life and education

Early research at IBM

Gender transition

Post-transition career

Computer science legacy

Transgender activism

Personal life and death

Awards and honors

Selected works

Patents

References

Further reading

External links

Lynn Conway

What happened with Lynn Conway on 13 August, 2002

13 August, 2002