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MIUI
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MIUI
Screenshot
Screenshot of MIUI 14
DeveloperXiaomi
OS familyAndroid (Linux)
Source modelOpen source (Modified Android Base and Main Framework) with Proprietary components (MIUI Apps and Kits)[1]
Initial release0.8.16 / 16 August 2010; 15 years ago (2010-08-16)
Latest releaseVaries by mobile phone and region.
Latest previewV14.0.23.10.8.DEV (Mainland China) / 17 August 2023; 2 years ago (2023-08-17)
Marketing targetAlternative OS replacement for Android devices;
Stock firmware for Xiaomi smartphone and tablet
Available in77 languages (varies by country)
Package managerAPK-based
Supported platformsARMv7, ARM64, MIPS, x86, x64
Kernel typeMonolithic (modified Linux kernel)
LicenseProprietary
Succeeded byXiaomi HyperOS
Official websitewww.mi.com/global/miui (Global)
home.miui.com (Mainland China)

MIUI[a] is a deprecated mobile operating system developed and used by Xiaomi for its smartphones and mobile devices from 2010 to early 2024,[3][4][5] prior to the launch of its successor Xiaomi HyperOS.[6] MIUI was based on the Android Open Source Project. Xiaomi produced versions for Xiaomi-branded smartphones and its own Poco, MIUI Pad, MIUI Watch, and MIUI TV (PatchWall).[7]

There are different versions for each Xiaomi phone model, and each version has regional variants dependent on where the phone is sold, including China, Europe, Indonesia, India, Japan, Pakistan, Russia, Taiwan and Turkey. Xiaomi also released a few devices running Google's Android One instead of MIUI. Xiaomi devices usually received three Android version updates, and MIUI updates for four years (less for budget models).[8]

The first MIUI ROM, released in 2010, was based on Android 2.2.x Froyo and was initially developed in China by Xiaomi in its first year of operation.[9] Xiaomi added a number of apps to the basic framework, including Notes, Backup, Music, and Gallery apps.[10]

An organisation named Xiaomi Europe, using the domain xiaomi.eu and working officially with Xiaomi despite not being affiliated with the Chinese company, was set up in 2010 as a community for English-language Xiaomi users with phones running MIUI, and later HyperOS, associated with an Android version. xiaomi.eu makes available for free download debloated and improved ROM images based on China MIUI and HyperOS ROMs. Installing these images is technically challenging.[11]

Google Play services

[edit]

Google has had disagreements with the Chinese government, and the Great Firewall currently blocks access to all Google services. Since Xiaomi has expanded its operations outside China, MIUI releases for Android devices outside mainland China have Google Play Services and Google Apps such as Gmail, GMaps, YouTube and Google Play pre-installed and functioning as on any other Android device. MIUI global versions are certified by Google, as are all MIUI devices, which ship with Google Play Services since MIUI 12.5.[12]

Comparison of all MIUI variants

[edit]

There are different versions of MUIU, and its successor HyperOS, for different regions: China, EEA (Europe), India, etc., and a global version. For each region different Xiaomi devices have different implementations. The EEA version differs from the global version in meeting specific EEA regulations for mobile phones regarding advertising and other issues. Each version has successive, numbered, releases.

The version code consists of the release number followed by seven letters. The first letter identifies the Android version it is based on, the second and third letters specify the device model, the fourth and fifth letters the region, and the last two letters the mobile operator, or "XM" if not locked to any operator.[13] For example, MIUI V12.0.5.0.QFAEUXM is release 12.0.5 of MIUI, based on Android 10, for Mi 9, EEA version, not locked to an operator.

China Global Xiaomi.eu
Languages available Few, including Chinese and English Wide selection
Selection of downloadable themes All Some
Drag up search Yes

with international Bing and selection of Chinese search engines

Google App or Mi Browser Yes
Smart Assistant App vault Google Discover and App Vault App vault and Google Discover
Default source of apps GetApps Google Play, Mi Picks/GetApps[14] Google Play
Xiaomi Cloud services All Some All
Updates Developer Stable Beta Stable Dev/Beta Stable
No longer available Usually updated every two months[15] No longer available Usually updated every three months Updated every Friday Usually updated every two months
OTA Yes Yes; patches are not supported, so a complete new ROM is downloaded each time
Official Yes
(made by Xiaomi) 		Approved by the official distribution in the European Union.[11]
Custom recovery requirement No Some
(recovery ROMs only)
Additional features
  • Optional access to various Chinese online services
  • built-in root support (unlocked bootloader is required)
 Optional access to various Chinese online services Google apps on some ROMs instead of MIUI apps (Dialer, Messages, Contacts, Calendar)
  • Additional icons for some third-party apps
  • Unlocked some hardware features on selected devices
Supported Xiaomi devices Majority

excluding devices never released in PRC

Older devices may not be updated

Majority

excluding devices never released outside PRC

Older devices may not be updated

Android

[edit]

Although MIUI is built on the Android platform, the default user interface of its earlier iterations resembled iOS due to the absence of the application tray,[16] with a grid of icons arrayed in the home panels. Other iOS similarities include the app icons being in a uniform shape, the dialer and in-call interface, the organization of the Settings app, and the visual appearance of toggles in the UI. This prompted some observers to cite how the devices running on MIUI could appeal to iOS users wanting to switch to the Android platform.[16] By 2018, MIUI was increasingly shifting towards a design aesthetic more similar to stock Android. For instance, several elements in builds of MIUI 10 resemble Android Pie features, such as the multitasking menu and gesture controls.[17] This change was first seen in MIUI 9 (ver. 8.5.11) that shipped with Xiaomi Mi MIX 2S.[18]

Another difference from Android is MIUI's support for themes and custom fonts. Users can download theme packs and fonts, which can change the user interface of the device when installed from the Mi Themes Store. It also allows more advanced users to tweak the hard-coded firmware of the handsets.[19]

Issues

[edit]

As MIUI's kernel was proprietary, it was in breach of Linux kernel's GPL.[20][21] The source code of certain components was released to GitHub on 25 October 2013.[22] Kernel sources for a few devices, including the Mi3, Mi4, MiNote, and Redmi 1S, were released in March 2015.[23]

In order to raise funds for the company, MIUI has its own online services from Xiaomi, including cloud services, paid themes and games. Payments are transacted using the Mi Credit digital currency.[24]

After the government of India banned over 100 Chinese apps and services in 2020 due to national security and privacy concerns, including some made by Xiaomi, the company produced separate MIUI versions without them for India.[25][26]

Vulnerabilities

[edit]

In April 2019, Indian security researcher Md. Arif Khan reported that Xiaomi's apps Mi Browser and Mint Browser, for Indian and some global versions of MIUI, suffered from a vulnerability that allowed the URL address bar to be spoofed. Xiaomi gave Khan a bug bounty but opted not to fix this issue.[27][28] In addition, a vulnerability in a wallpaper carousel app Glance on Indian versions of MIUI allowed a user to bypass the lock screen and access clipboard data;[29][30] it was eventually fixed by Xiaomi.[30]

Performance issues

[edit]

Some users encountered issues such as touch response problems on MIUI 12.5.[31] Users also complain about overheating, slow performance, drop in framerate, unstable app function and files randomly missing from their phone's storage. The update to MIUI 13 brought several performance improvements.[32]

Bloatware

[edit]

Xiaomi devices running MIUI became controversial for including a lot of bloatware—obtrusive pre-installed unwanted software that uses system resources and slows operation.[33] As of November 14, 2025, Universal Android Debloater Next Generation recommends uninstalling more than 193 different pre-installed apps on MIUI devices, excluding some AOSP packages.[34] Many MIUI users are concerned about Xiaomi apps spying on them and targetting them with personalized advertisements.[35][36] MIUI's replacement, HyperOS, has the same issues.[37]

Version history

[edit]

An organisation named Xiaomi Europe, using the domain xiaomi.eu and working officially with Xiaomi despite not being affiliated with the Chinese company,[11] was set up in 2010 as a community for English-language Xiaomi users with phones running MIUI, and later HyperOS, associated with an Android version, with discussion forums. The website issues its own debloated and improved versions of Xiaomi ROM images based on China ROMs for devices using Qualcomm Snapdragon hardware. Weekly beta versions of MIUI and HyperOS were also issued, but Xiaomi later stopped making their HyperOS beta code available.[11] Installing a xiaomi.eu ROM image is technically challenging, requiring the bootloader to be unlocked and the firmware flashed.

xiaomi.eu say that their ROMs were approved by the official EU distributor ABC Data to not void warranty for devices sold by them.[38] According to a xiaomi.eu leader in 2021, the official ROM must be flashed and the bootloader locked before returning a device for warranty repair.[39]

There are other customised versions of MIUI and HyperOS for Xiaomi devices,[40] and also other non-Xiaomi-based custom Android ROMs can be installed on Xiaomi phones.[41]

Version Screenshot Android version Date of release Last Stable release Initial Beta release Last Beta release Notable change
Unsupported: MIUI V1
2.1-2.2 16 August 2010 0.8.16 Unknown
  • Initial release
Unsupported: MIUI V2 2.1-2.3.6
29 October 2010 — Unknown Unknown
Unsupported: MIUI V3 2.3.6 25 March 2011 — Unknown Unsupported: 2.4.20
  • Redesigned user interface
Unsupported: MIUI V4 4.0.4 – 4.1.2 19 January 2012 ICS24.0[42] Unknown Unsupported: 3.2.22
  • New user interface
  • Added anti-virus
Unsupported: MIUI V5 4.1.2 – 4.4.2 1 March 2013[43] 31.0[44] 3.3.1 Unsupported: 4.12.5
  • New user interface
  • Google Services were removed from the Chinese version
Unsupported: MIUI 6 4.4.2 – 5.0.2 29 August 2014[45] 6.7.2.0 4.8.29 Unsupported: 5.8.6
  • New user interface
  • Dropped devices running Android Jelly Bean or below
Unsupported: MIUI 7 4.4.2 – 6.0.1 13 August 2015[46] 7.5.9.0 5.8.12 Unsupported: 6.5.26
  • Locked bootloader on selected old devices and all released afterwards
Unsupported: MIUI 8
4.4.2 – 7.1.2 16 June 2016[47] 8.5.10.0 6.6.16 Unsupported: 7.7.20
  • Minor changes to the user interface
  • Updated system apps
  • Added support for Second Space and Dual apps.
Unsupported: MIUI 9
4.4.2 – 8.1.0 10 August 2017 9.6.5.0 7.8.10 Unsupported: 8.5.24
  • Minor changes to the user interface
  • Added split screen
  • Improved Notification Shade and QuickCard (currently known as App Vault)
  • New silent mode
  • Added key and gesture shortcuts
  • Added face unlock.
Unsupported: MIUI 10

6.0 – 9 19 June 2018[48] 10.4.5.0 8.6.14 Unsupported: 9.9.6
  • New notification shade
  • Extended notifications' functionality
  • New recent apps screen, volume control, Clock, Calendar and Notes
  • Higher integration with Xiaomi
  • Minor changes to the user interface
  • Removed black theme (Mi Note 2)
  • Dropped devices running Android Lollipop or below
Unsupported: MIUI 11
7.0 – 10 22 October 2019 11.0.14.0 9.9.24 Unsupported: 20.3.26
  • Dropped devices running Android Marshmallow
  • Based on Android 10 on some devices
  • System-wide dark mode, with dark mode scheduling.
  • Monochrome ultra power saving mode
  • Mi calculator (Pip mode)
  • MIUI Notes App Download
  • New icons
  • Optional app drawer setting for system launcher
  • Smoother animations
  • Status bar optimizations
  • Automatic screenshot management[49]
  • Added ultra battery saver (China)
  • Opt Out Of Adverts Settings
  • China ROM only first
Unsupported: MIUI 12
9 – 11 27 April 2020 12.2.7.0 20.4.27 Unsupported: 20.12.10
  • Dropped devices running Android Oreo or below
  • Dark Mode 2.0
  • New gestures and animations (Smoother animations, in boxes)
  • New Icons
  • New notification shade
  • AI help for calls (automatic reply)
  • Super Wallpaper (Planet zoom from always on display to Lockscreen to Homescreen)
  • App drawer for first time
  • More privacy-focused
  • 1-time permission for location, contacts etc. in third-party apps
  • Added floating windows
  • Added ultra battery saver for the global version
  • Added Lite Mode
  • Added Video toolbox.
  • New fingerprint animations[50]
  • New camera & gallery filters
  • Redesigned app vault
Unsupported: MIUI 12.5
10 – 12 28 December 2020 12.5.26.0 20.12.25[51] Unsupported: 21.7.5
  • Dropped devices running Android Pie
  • New nature sounds of notifications
  • Smoother animations
  • Redesigned app folders
  • Added vertical layout for Recents (only on Android 11)
  • Improvements for Mi Notes
  • Added new Super wallpapers ("Geometry" and "Mount Siguniang")
  • Added heart rate measure using the camera (China only)
  • New Mi Notes icon
Unsupported: MIUI 13
11 – 13 28 December 2021 13.2.8.0 (Mainland China)
13.2.6.0 (Global Market) 		21.7.6[52] Unsupported: 13.1.22.10.25.DEV (Android 13 Weekly)
13.1.22.10.24.DEV (Android 12 Weekly)
22.11.23 (Daily Beta for some devices)
22.10.26 (Daily Beta)
  • Dropped devices running Android 10
  • Minor changes to the user interface
  • New widgets
  • New one-handed mode from Android 12
  • Redesigned App Vault
  • New Mi Sans font (China only)
  • Redesigned Control center
  • New live wallpapers
  • Added sidebar (only phones)
  • Redesigned Game Turbo and Video toolbox
  • Improved multitasking on tablets
  • Mi Smart Hub (China only)
  • Redesigned Notes App[53]
  • Improved fingerprint animations
  • Improved MIUI Launcher
Unsupported: MIUI 14
12 – 14 11 December 2022[54] 14.1.10.0 14.0.22.12.5.DEV Unsupported: 14.0.23.10.8.DEV
  • Dropped devices running Android 11
  • Minor changes to the user interface
  • New widgets
  • New wallpapers
  • Super Icons (China only)
  • Pets and animals (China only)
  • Photon Engine
  • Razor Project
  • New family share features
  • MIUI Interconnect

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

MIUI

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
MIUI is a custom Android-based operating system and user interface developed by Corporation for its smartphones, tablets, and other smart devices. Launched in August 2010 with its initial version built on Android 2.1 Eclair, MIUI emphasized extensive theming, gesture controls, and integrated ecosystem services to differentiate from stock Android, quickly gaining traction among early adopters in . Over its lifespan, MIUI evolved through 14 major versions, introducing features such as advanced controls, floating windows for multitasking, and deep customization of the and notifications, which appealed to users seeking beyond Google's experience. These enhancements contributed to 's rapid market expansion, helping the company secure a global shipment share of approximately 15% by mid-2025, particularly in emerging markets like and parts of where value-driven devices predominated. However, MIUI faced persistent criticism for embedding system-level advertisements, pre-installed bloatware, and that transmitted user data to servers without explicit consent, prompting advocates to highlight risks of unauthorized . Independent analyses, including those from cybersecurity researchers, documented extensive practices, such as logging web browsing and app usage, which defended as necessary for service improvements but which fueled bans and scrutiny in regions prioritizing . By 2023, Xiaomi began transitioning MIUI to its successor, HyperOS, a unified platform extending across smartphones, wearables, and IoT devices to streamline development and reduce fragmentation, with HyperOS updates rolling out widely by 2025 while select legacy devices retained MIUI support. This shift marked the end of MIUI as 's primary mobile skin, though its legacy endures in the company's emphasis on feature-rich, affordable hardware-software integration that propelled it from a startup to a top-tier vendor.

Overview

Origins and Development

MIUI originated as a custom Android-based firmware developed by Xiaomi Corporation, which was founded on April 7, 2010, in Beijing, China, by entrepreneur Lei Jun and a team of former Kingsoft executives. The software was launched on August 16, 2010, just four months after Xiaomi's inception, initially as version 1.0 based on Android 2.1 Éclair with influences from iOS aesthetics and Samsung's TouchWiz interface to provide a more polished user experience on existing Android devices. Early development emphasized heavy customization, theme support, and user feedback loops, with the ROM distributed primarily through Chinese forums and quickly attracting international notice via the XDA Developers community in the United States. Development progressed through a model of frequent, community-driven updates, including weekly beta releases that allowed rapid iteration based on user reports, distinguishing MIUI from Android's slower cycle and fostering loyalty among early adopters. Xiaomi's first , the Mi 1, launched on August 16, 2011—marking the anniversary of MIUI's debut—with MIUI as its operating system, shifting the software from a standalone ROM to an integral part of Xiaomi's hardware ecosystem. Subsequent versions aligned with Android upgrades, introducing features like enhanced multitasking, security scanners, and app permissions management, while amassing 30 million active users by 2013 through aggressive expansion in and emerging markets. Over 13 years, MIUI evolved into a mature skin supporting devices across Xiaomi's Mi, Redmi, and POCO lines, with major releases such as MIUI 5 (2013, emphasizing visual refinements) and MIUI 12 (2020, adding privacy-focused controls), though it faced criticism for bloatware and regional variant discrepancies. By 2023, amid growing ecosystem demands for IoT integration, Xiaomi announced HyperOS as MIUI's successor, with the transition debuting on the 14 series in October 2023 and global rollout extending into 2024, effectively concluding MIUI's active development after serving over 600 million users.

Core Philosophy and Design Principles

MIUI's foundational philosophy centers on a -driven, iterative development model that places user feedback at the forefront of enhancements. Originating as a custom Android-based ROM released on August 16, 2010, by a team of enthusiasts, MIUI adopted a practice of weekly over-the-air updates to incorporate suggestions directly from users via dedicated forums, enabling rapid iteration to resolve pain points in stock Android implementations. This approach fostered a responsive where improvements, such as refined notifications and multitasking, were prioritized based on aggregated community input rather than top-down directives. Design principles emphasize intuitive usability, , and deep integration across software, hardware, and services to create a cohesive experience. positions MIUI as prioritizing alongside ease of use, with architectural choices like hardware-accelerated features and system-level optimizations aimed at minimizing latency and enhancing reliability on diverse devices. Intuitive elements, including gesture-based and adaptive interfaces, draw from principles of rational and practical to make interactions feel natural and efficient. Customization forms a core tenet, allowing extensive personalization through tools like the MIUI Theme Editor and store, which support modifications to icons, wallpapers, and UI layouts without requiring root access. This flexibility aligns with Xiaomi's broader ethos of universality and user empowerment, enabling adaptation to individual preferences while maintaining baseline stability. Privacy by design is integrated as a fundamental value, with mechanisms for local data processing, encryption, and minimal collection to protect user information amid ecosystem expansions.

Technical Architecture

Android Base and Customization Layer

MIUI is built upon the Android Open Source Project (AOSP), serving as the core operating system foundation for devices, with Xiaomi applying extensive modifications to the framework, system services, and components. This architecture allows MIUI to leverage Android's kernel, drivers, and runtime environment while overlaying customizations that alter system behaviors, resource handling, and application integrations. The Android base version corresponds to specific MIUI releases, enabling compatibility with hardware and security updates from , though Xiaomi often extends support beyond standard timelines by backporting features across versions. For example, early MIUI iterations from 2010 were based on Android 2.1 Eclair, evolving to align with later releases such as MIUI 14 on , which incorporates updates to the (ART) and framework APIs for improved performance and security. Modifications to the Android framework include recompilation of system APKs like framework-res.apk to support MIUI's theming engine, which enables dynamic resource overlays for colors, icons, and layouts without altering the underlying AOSP source directly in all cases. The customization layer introduces proprietary elements, such as MIUI-specific services for cloud synchronization, app management, and ecosystem integrations, which hook into Android's service manager to extend functionality like multi-window support and gesture navigation ahead of stock Android implementations. These changes replace or augment AOSP components, including the launcher, gallery, and music apps, with Xiaomi-developed alternatives that prioritize user customization and data collection for services like Mi Cloud. This layered approach results in a where open-source Android provides stability and , while closed-source overlays deliver differentiated features, though it can introduce complexities in rooting or custom ROM development due to deepened framework integrations.

Variant Differences: China ROM vs. Global ROM

The ROM variant of MIUI is developed primarily for the Chinese market, incorporating region-specific optimizations, pre-installed local applications like search and integrations, and exclusion of (GMS) to comply with domestic regulations and preferences. The Global ROM, by contrast, targets international users with built-in GMS certification, including Store, , , and support for , enabling seamless access to global app ecosystems. Language support differs markedly: China ROM is limited to Chinese and English interfaces, restricting usability for non-Chinese speakers beyond basic functionality, while Global ROM supports over 40 languages such as Spanish, Russian, and for broader accessibility. Update cadences also vary, with ROM receiving over-the-air (OTA) firmware and security patches more rapidly—typically bi-weekly or monthly—compared to Global ROM's schedule of one to three months, attributed to additional testing for multi-region compatibility and GMS certification. Certain MIUI features debut exclusively or in advanced forms on China ROM, including Super Icons for dynamic app animations, Photon for enhanced visual rendering, and Ultra Battery Saver modes, which may arrive later or be absent in Global ROM due to adaptation priorities. China ROM often embeds more system-level advertisements from 's partner services, reflecting heavier ecosystem integration, whereas Global ROM features reduced ad presence but includes region-tailored content like optimizations in European variants. Users on China ROM can sideload GMS, though SafetyNet attestation frequently fails, limiting banking and payment apps, unlike the native compliance in Global ROM.
AspectChina ROMGlobal ROM
Pre-installed AppsChinese services (e.g., , ); no GMS by defaultGoogle apps (e.g., Play Store, Maps); minimal Chinese bloatware
Language SupportChinese and English only40+ languages (e.g., Spanish, Russian, )
Update FrequencyBi-weekly/monthly; faster feature rollout1–3 months; delayed for certification
Exclusive FeaturesSuper Icons, Photon Engine, advanced battery tools; earlier accessStandard MIUI features; some omissions or lags
AdvertisementsHigher prevalence tied to local Lower; region-specific integrations
GMS CompatibilitySideloadable but often fails SafetyNetFully certified, passes SafetyNet

Key Features

User Interface and Customization

MIUI's user interface prioritizes extensive personalization, enabling modifications to visual elements such as icons, wallpapers, fonts, and system animations through the integrated Themes application. This app connects to Xiaomi's online repository, offering millions of user-generated and official themes that overhaul the entire interface, including lock screens and notification shades. The design draws initial inspiration from iOS aesthetics, incorporating iOS-inspired elements such as the split Control Center with dual-swipe access separating notifications and quick settings, smooth animations, and extensive lock screen customization options; it featured a persistent app drawer in early versions, but evolved to incorporate Android-like flexibility, with home screen grids adjustable from 4x5 to 8x5 icons depending on device resolution. Customization extends to dynamic elements like the Control Center, introduced in MIUI 9 and refined in subsequent releases, which separates notifications (accessed via left-swipe down) from quick settings toggles (right-swipe down). Users can rearrange, resize, or add toggles for , , and other functions, with later versions like MIUI 12 introducing pill-shaped media controls and floating notifications for enhanced usability. Floating windows is a multitasking feature in MIUI that allows users to open supported apps in small, movable, and resizable floating windows overlaying other apps, enabling activities like chatting while watching videos. Access it from the recent apps screen by long-pressing an app icon and selecting the floating window option, or via Settings > Special features > Multitasking. MIUI 14 further advanced with oval-shaped designs for a modern , alongside options for icon packs and adaptive theming that responds to colors. Advanced features include super wallpapers with 3D animations rendered via the GPU, customizable always-on displays showing time, notifications, and app data, and font replacements via the Themes store. These options surpass stock Android's native capabilities, allowing users to emulate iOS-style rounded icons or create entirely novel layouts, though they require downloading from Xiaomi's ecosystem, which has raised concerns over bloatware integration in some themes. Over iterations from MIUI 11 to 14, the UI shifted toward with reduced animations for smoother performance, while retaining deep customization as a hallmark, evidenced by performance benchmarks showing up to 13% faster app launches in MIUI 14 compared to MIUI 13.

System Utilities and Integrations

MIUI incorporates a suite of built-in system utilities designed to enhance device performance, security, and management, including the prominent Security Center app, which features tools for cleaning junk files, scanning for viruses, optimizing battery usage, and managing app permissions. The Security Center also includes real-time protection, data usage monitoring, and an app lock mechanism that secures individual applications via or biometric authentication. Additional utilities encompass a comprehensive tool capable of preserving system such as contacts, call logs, messages, settings, and app layouts, facilitating seamless restoration across devices. MIUI further provides integrated apps like an advanced with unit conversion capabilities, a and product scanner for quick , and a notes application for everyday productivity tasks. Game Turbo serves as a booster, optimizing for gaming by prioritizing CPU and GPU usage while minimizing interruptions from notifications. In terms of integrations, MIUI connects deeply with Xiaomi's ecosystem through Mi Cloud, enabling synchronized backups, photo storage, and cross-device data sharing with services like Mi Fit for health tracking. The platform also integrates with the Mi Home app, allowing users to control compatible IoT devices such as smart lights and appliances directly from the phone's interface, fostering a unified smart home environment. These utilities and integrations prioritize practical functionality, though their effectiveness can vary based on regional ROM variants and hardware capabilities.

Compatibility and Ecosystem

Google Play Services Integration

MIUI's Global ROM incorporates as a core component, enabling seamless access to the Store, apps ecosystem, and APIs such as , , and push notifications. devices intended for international markets undergo (GMS) certification, ensuring compliance with 's requirements for app compatibility and security updates. This integration has been standard since 's early global expansions, with Global ROM versions pre-installing the latest framework upon device activation. In the ROM variant, developed for the domestic market, are absent by default due to 's regulatory ban on services since 2010, which prohibits official distribution of GMS within the country. adheres to these policies by shipping ROM without GMS, relying instead on its own GetApps store and proprietary services for app distribution and cloud features. Official support for installing on ROM is limited or unavailable on select models, as confirmed by in 2021, to comply with local laws and avoid certification issues. Despite the official exclusion, many ROM devices from 2023 onward include underlying Google service frameworks, allowing users to manually enable and install the Store via Xiaomi's GetApps or APK sideloading methods. These workarounds, detailed in community guides, involve toggling "Basic Google services" in settings and downloading the Play Store package, achieving functional but uncertified integration. Success rates vary by model and firmware version, with potential limitations in features like or full support compared to native Global ROM implementations. This bifurcated integration strategy accommodates Xiaomi's dual-market approach: Global ROM prioritizes interoperability with the Android ecosystem dominant outside China, while China ROM emphasizes local alternatives, reflecting broader geopolitical constraints on technology deployment rather than technical incompatibility.

Cross-Device and App Ecosystem Challenges

MIUI's bifurcated ROM architecture—distinguishing China ROM from Global ROM—creates fragmentation in the app ecosystem. The China ROM excludes (GMS), substituting Xiaomi's GetApps and Mi , which host fewer Western-developed applications, impose barriers for non-Chinese users, and integrate promotional content. Global ROM incorporates GMS for broader app compatibility via , yet MIUI's overlaid modifications can trigger installation conflicts, delayed updates, or suboptimal performance for apps expecting stock Android behavior. This duality forces users to select devices based on regional needs, limiting universal app portability and complicating developer optimization efforts across variants. A prominent app ecosystem hurdle stems from MIUI's stringent battery , which aggressively terminates background processes to conserve power, often disrupting essential functions like push notifications, messaging sync, and location tracking. This behavior, driven by components such as com.miui.powerkeeper, prioritizes standby time over app persistence, requiring users to iteratively whitelist applications via settings for autostart, background activity, and lock-in-recents—measures that prove unreliable post-reboot or system filter cycles. Developers report elevated support tickets for MIUI-specific tweaks, as standard Android Doze modes are amplified, affecting apps reliant on periodic execution without explicit exemptions. Cross-device challenges arise from MIUI's mobile-centric design, offering rudimentary tools like Mi Share for peer-to-peer transfers between smartphones and limited IoT via Mi Home, but lacking native, low-latency features for broader ecosystems such as universal sharing, screen continuity, or seamless handoff to laptops and tablets. Background killing exacerbates sync interruptions across devices, necessitating cloud intermediaries or manual interventions, in contrast to more integrated rivals like Samsung's DeX or Apple's Continuity. 's ecosystem expansion, including partial support for Windows linking, remains hampered by inconsistent implementation and regional ROM variances, contributing to user reliance on third-party solutions for multi-device workflows. These limitations persisted through MIUI 14's lifecycle, prompting the shift to HyperOS for enhanced connectivity as of late 2023.

Reception and Market Impact

Achievements in Accessibility and Innovation

MIUI's innovations have centered on enhancing user interaction and customization, introducing features such as floating windows for multitasking. Super wallpapers, launched in MIUI 12, utilize high-resolution planetary animations that adapt to device orientation, providing immersive visuals without significant battery drain through optimized rendering. These elements, combined with a redesigned control center and app drawer options, have enabled deeper personalization compared to stock Android, influencing broader Android ecosystem trends toward fluid animations and modular interfaces. In accessibility, MIUI integrates standard Android tools like TalkBack for screen reading, for daltonism, gestures, and voice for verification, alongside Xiaomi-specific enhancements such as accessible menus and controls via IR blasters on compatible devices. MIUI 12 introduced a customized shortcut menu, granting quick access to the Xiao AI voice assistant, power toggles, volume adjustments, and notification controls, streamlining navigation for users with motor or visual impairments. Further updates added real-time subtitles and advanced voice controls, expanding usability for those with hearing or speech challenges, as part of Xiaomi's broader push for inclusive digital experiences. By tailoring MIUI optimizations for budget hardware, democratized access to feature-rich smartphones, delivering premium-like performance at lower costs and capturing significant in emerging economies where affordability barriers previously limited adoption. This approach, emphasizing high cost-performance ratios, enabled millions to engage with advanced OS capabilities, fostering in user-centric while challenging incumbents through efficient and ecosystem integrations.

Criticisms of User Experience and Business Model

MIUI has faced substantial criticism for its user interface elements that prioritize promotional content over seamless functionality, leading to a cluttered and intrusive experience. Users frequently report advertisements appearing in system apps, file managers, security scanners, and even settings menus, which disrupt navigation and contribute to perceived sluggishness. For instance, in MIUI 10 and later versions, ads were embedded in core utilities like the GetApps store and Mi Browser, often requiring manual disabling through buried settings or third-party tools, a process that many found cumbersome and incomplete. Bloatware, including pre-installed Xiaomi ecosystem apps such as Mi Video and Mi Music alongside third-party promotions, further exacerbates storage consumption and battery drain, with reports indicating up to dozens of such apps on devices like the Redmi Note series as of 2023. These elements have been described by reviewers as detracting from the otherwise customizable iOS-inspired design, fostering a sense of over-commercialization that alienates users seeking a clean Android experience. The business model underpinning MIUI, centered on low hardware margins subsidized by services revenue, has drawn scrutiny for incentivizing aggressive ad integration at the expense of user satisfaction. Xiaomi's commitment to maintaining no more than a 5% profit margin on devices, as articulated by executives, relies heavily on internet services and advertising income, which manifests in persistent system-level promotions even in global ROM variants. Critics argue this approach, while enabling affordable pricing—such as sub-$300 flagships—creates a dependency on user tolerance for monetization tactics, with no straightforward opt-out toggle introduced even in the transition to HyperOS in 2023-2024. In 2024, Xiaomi confirmed plans to reduce bloatware but explicitly rejected a single-switch ad disablement, citing revenue necessities, prompting backlash from users and analysts who view it as prioritizing short-term profits over long-term loyalty. This model has been contrasted with competitors like Google Pixel, where ad-free stock Android avoids such trade-offs, though Xiaomi maintains that ads adhere to "quality standards" to minimize intrusion.

Controversies

Privacy and Data Practices

MIUI has faced significant scrutiny for its practices, which involve extensive and user activity tracking embedded in the operating and pre-installed applications. Independent analyses have revealed that MIUI gathers detailed information on app usage, device interactions, and browsing habits, often transmitting this to servers in and without comprehensive user options. For instance, MIUI's framework collects on app launches, usage durations, and snapshots during initial setup and updates, purportedly for optimization but raising concerns over scope and retention. A prominent 2020 investigation by security researcher Gabi Cirlig, reported by , documented 's Mi Browser and Mint Browser apps recording users' web visits, search queries, downloads, and even incognito mode activity for millions of devices globally, with hashed but potentially de-anonymizable and sent to Chinese servers. responded by asserting that collected was aggregated and anonymized, denying personal identification, and introducing an for incognito data collection in browser settings effective May 2020. However, critics noted that such persists across MIUI's ecosystem, including system-level logging of screen touches and interaction patterns via MIUI Analytics, which operates in the background. In September 2021, Lithuania's National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) issued a report after examining Xiaomi devices, identifying built-in mechanisms to detect and potentially censor sensitive terms (e.g., "Free Tibet" or "Tiananmen Square") via over-the-air updates, alongside aggressive data collection practices that transmit user information to Xiaomi servers without adequate safeguards. The NCSC highlighted risks from Chinese national intelligence laws, which compel companies like Xiaomi to share data with authorities upon request, and advised against using such devices for sensitive communications. Xiaomi countered that censorship features were disabled in European firmware and not activated without user consent, engaging third-party auditors to verify compliance. Ongoing concerns persist into 2025, with GDPR complaints filed against for transferring European user data to without sufficient legal basis, as acknowledged in the company's and transparency reports, potentially exposing it to unrestricted access. While maintains adherence to ISO/IEC 27001 standards and claims no data sales to third parties, independent findings underscore discrepancies between assurances and observed transmission volumes, fueling debates on transparency in Chinese-manufactured OS skins. Users can mitigate some tracking by disabling MIUI analytics in settings or installing custom ROMs, though system-level integrations limit full circumvention without rooting.

Advertising and Monetization Tactics

MIUI employs built-in advertising as a core monetization strategy, embedding promotions directly into system-level interfaces and pre-installed applications to generate revenue from users who purchase low-margin hardware. Ads appear in utilitarian areas such as the Settings menu, Security app scanner results, file manager recommendations, and even app folders, often promoting Xiaomi's GetApps store, Mi Browser extensions, or third-party games and services. This tactic aligns with Xiaomi's overarching , which subsidizes affordable smartphones through software-driven income, including ads and preloaded apps that drive in-app purchases or app downloads. In 2018, Xiaomi executives confirmed the presence of these ads, describing them as "unobtrusive" and necessary to sustain ecosystem services without raising device prices, while pledging to maintain quality standards to avoid degrading . forms a substantial portion of Xiaomi's services , which encompasses MIUI-delivered promotions; for Q2 2025, this hit RMB 6.8 billion, up 14.6% year-over-year, with full-year 2024 figures reaching RMB 24.7 billion. Disabling ads requires navigating fragmented toggles, such as deactivating "recommendations" in individual apps like MSA (MIUI System Ads) or GetApps, but complete removal often demands advanced methods like DNS filtering or rooting, leaving residual promotions in core functions. Xiaomi's Mi Ads platform supports this by enabling precise targeting via user demographics and behavior within native MIUI apps, yielding elevated click-through rates compared to external networks due to seamless integration. Critics argue these tactics prioritize revenue over usability, with ads intermittently disrupting workflows in non-optional system tools, though counters that they fund innovations like extended software support without premium hardware pricing. No ad-free subscription exists for MIUI, distinguishing it from models like Amazon's , and persistence across updates has fueled user backlash, particularly in global markets where norms differ from China's app-centric .

Technical Issues

Security Vulnerabilities

MIUI, Xiaomi's customized Android operating system, has exhibited several security vulnerabilities in its framework, system applications, and pre-installed components, potentially enabling unauthorized data access, code execution, and privilege escalation. These issues stem from improper input validation, exported components susceptible to interception, and inadequate permission enforcement in MIUI-specific services. In April 2023, security researchers at Oversecured disclosed 20 vulnerabilities affecting devices running MIUI and its successor HyperOS, with many impacting core MIUI elements such as the app (com.miui.securitycenter), Settings (com.android.settings), and MIUI (com.xiaomi.bluetooth). Notable flaws included shell command injection in the System Tracing app (com.android.traceur), allowing arbitrary command execution via unchecked inputs; intent redirection in the app, granting system-level access to arbitrary activities; and path traversal in MIUI for stealing arbitrary files. Additional issues involved binding arbitrary services, implicit intents leaking , , and data, and overwriting files via the Print Spooler. These vulnerabilities, exploitable by malicious apps or attackers with basic access, could lead to data theft, account deletion, or full device compromise, affecting millions of users prior to patches. acknowledged and resolved the reported issues following disclosure. Xiaomi's official security bulletins further document framework-level vulnerabilities in MIUI-equipped phones, such as CVE-2024-45356, an unauthorized access flaw with a CVSS score of 7.3 (high severity) due to improper validation, published on February 21, 2025. Similarly, CVE-2024-45355 (CVSS 5.5, medium) and CVE-2024-45347 (CVSS 9.6, critical) in the Mi Connect Service app enabled unauthorized access and sensitive leakage through protocol flaws. These were addressed via updates, reflecting Xiaomi's ongoing patch releases, though exploitation risks persisted until applied. Earlier incidents include a 2017 vulnerability in the Mi Mover app, which bypassed Android's sandbox to transfer system and confidential data (e.g., payment information) without authentication on devices like the Mi Max 2, and flaws allowing uninstallation of device-administrator anti-theft apps without passwords. Xiaomi disputed some characterizations but recommended enhanced locking mechanisms. Such patterns highlight MIUI's historical challenges with exported intents and privilege management, though updates have mitigated many risks.

Performance and Stability Problems

MIUI implementations have frequently encountered performance bottlenecks, manifesting as interface lag, animation stuttering, and delayed app responsiveness, particularly in mid-range devices under multitasking loads. Users of devices like the reported noticeable slowdowns following the MIUI 13 update in early 2022, with issues linked to the pre-enabled memory extension feature that repurposes storage as virtual RAM, exacerbating I/O delays over time. Similarly, MIUI 12 exhibited increased lag compared to MIUI 11 on hardware such as the , where benchmarks showed sustained but diminished fluidity in transitions and app switching due to heavier system resource demands from added customizations. Stability concerns have included frequent app crashes and system-level failures, often tied to MIUI's aggressive battery and optimization algorithms, which prematurely terminate background processes and conflict with third-party applications. On devices running MIUI variants, app crashes have been attributed to custom ROM modifications and hardware-specific drivers, with developers noting inconsistencies that lead to force-closes in gallery apps or system UI elements, as seen in reports from MIUI 10 to 13 eras. Random reboots and unresponsiveness plagued certain builds, such as MIUI 13.0.3, rendering devices like the Mi 11 series temporarily unusable until downgrades or patches were applied. Battery drain has been a persistent , with idle consumption spiking in updates like MIUI 14, where users observed up to double the drain compared to MIUI 13 due to unchecked background services and unoptimized app integrations. acknowledged and addressed select stability flaws, including random shutdowns on Redmi Note models, through engineering fixes rolled out in June 2025, though user forums indicate that pre-update tweaks like clearing caches or restricting apps were often necessary mitigations. These issues stem from MIUI's layered customizations atop Android, which, while feature-rich, introduce overhead that hardware limitations in budget segments amplify, prompting to iterate via OTA patches but not always preemptively.

USB File Transfer Issues

A common issue on Xiaomi smartphones running MIUI or HyperOS is that the USB notification for file transfer does not appear automatically upon connecting to a PC. To resolve this:
  1. Connect the device to the PC using a USB cable that supports data transfer, not solely charging.
  2. Pull down the status bar on the device.
  3. Tap the "Charging this device via USB" notification and select "File Transfer" or "Transfer files" (MTP mode).
If the notification does not appear:
  • Enable Developer Options by navigating to Settings > About phone and tapping the MIUI or HyperOS version seven times.
  • In Settings > Additional settings > Developer options, set the Default USB configuration to "File Transfer."
  • Optionally, enable USB debugging, which may assist in some cases.
  • Restart both the device and PC, and test with a different cable or port.
  • On Windows systems, install Xiaomi USB drivers from the official Xiaomi website.
These steps address the problem in most instances.

Evolution and Legacy

Version History Milestones

MIUI's development began as a custom Android ROM, with its inaugural version released on August 16, 2010, based on Android 2.1 , drawing inspiration from and Samsung's interfaces to offer a differentiated on compatible devices. Early iterations, including MIUI 2 in October 2010 and MIUI 3 in March 2011, focused on incremental refinements to stability and basic customization, still rooted in Android 2.x and 2.3 bases, respectively, without widespread hardware integration at launch. A significant milestone arrived with MIUI 4 on , 2012, marking the first alignment with Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich, introducing UI enhancements like improved notifications and theming options that bridged custom ROM aesthetics with emerging stock Android features. MIUI 5, released March 1, 2013, on Android 4.1 , diverged regionally by omitting the Google Play Store in the Chinese variant to comply with local app ecosystem preferences, while emphasizing smoother animations and battery optimizations. MIUI 6, launched August 16, 2014—coinciding with the fourth anniversary of MIUI's debut—shifted to Android 5.0 Lollipop and adopted a minimalist design paradigm with flat icons, translucent elements, and new dynamic wallpapers, prioritizing visual simplicity over heavy theming. This version expanded device compatibility, including Xiaomi's Mi 4 , and laid groundwork for performance tweaks amid growing user adoption, reaching 30 million active users by 2013. MIUI 7 in August 2015, based on Android 6.0 , introduced bootloader locking measures to mitigate risks, alongside refined permissions and do-not-disturb modes, reflecting 's increasing focus on as hardware sales scaled. Later evolutions emphasized gesture-based navigation and productivity: MIUI 9 (mid-2017, ) added split-screen multitasking, full-screen gestures, and face unlock, streamlining the interface for larger displays. MIUI 11 (2019, ) debuted system-wide dark mode, advanced power-saving profiles, and redesigned native apps like the gallery and , enhancing usability in low-light conditions and extending battery life on devices such as the Mi 9. MIUI 12, unveiled April 27, 2020, and globally launched May 19, 2020, on , represented a major aesthetic overhaul with floating notifications, enhanced privacy controls via app permissions visualization, and animations themed around "Touch the imagination, feel the reality," deployed initially on flagships like the Mi 11. MIUI 13 (December 28, 2021, ) prioritized security fortifications, such as improved app sandboxing, and fluid design tweaks for better multitasking on devices including the series. The penultimate major release, MIUI 14 (December 11, 2022), introduced efficiency-focused elements like super icons for customizable animations, super folders for app organization, and optimized resource scheduling at the kernel level to reduce latency, based on for eligible models, while signaling the platform's maturity with over 600 million users by 2023. MIUI 14's global stable rollout began February 26, 2023, covering most and devices by Q3 2023, before Xiaomi transitioned to HyperOS as its successor OS, announced October 27, 2023, to unify ecosystems across smartphones, tablets, and IoT devices.

Transition to HyperOS and Future Implications

Xiaomi officially unveiled HyperOS on October 26, 2023, during its 14th anniversary event in , declaring it the successor to MIUI with the goal of creating a cohesive operating system spanning smartphones, tablets, vehicles, and IoT devices. The company emphasized HyperOS's development origins dating back to , framing the transition as an evolution to enable "human x device x car" synergy rather than a mere of MIUI 15. This shift ended active MIUI development after version 14, redirecting resources toward HyperOS's architecture, which promises reduced latency, optimized resource allocation, and ecosystem-wide interoperability. The initial rollout began in with the 14 series in December 2023, marking the first devices to ship pre-installed with HyperOS 1.0 based on Android 14. Global expansion followed in early 2024, with over-the-air updates provided to compatible MIUI-equipped devices such as the series and Note lineups, though eligibility varied by region and model hardware. By mid-2024, HyperOS 2.0 introduced refinements like lighter system footprints—occupying approximately 9.14 GB compared to MIUI's over 12 GB—and enhanced animations, though some users noted initial bugs and feature omissions from MIUI, such as certain security customizations. For example, the Poco F6 is eligible for and has received updates to HyperOS 2 based on Android 15 in some regions, but HyperOS 3 has not been officially announced or rolled out for any devices, including this model. This progression underscores Xiaomi's pivot toward a "HyperConnect" framework, aiming to rival integrated platforms like Apple's, by minimizing silos between devices and improving data flow for tasks like cross-device continuity. Looking ahead, HyperOS positions to sustain long-term software viability through commitments like five-year update cycles for flagships, potentially bolstering device longevity and market competitiveness amid scrutiny over past MIUI-era delays. However, implications include ongoing risks of inherited issues like bloatware persistence and regional update disparities, with analysts observing that while core performance has advanced—evidenced by smoother multitasking and reduced overhead—the OS's success hinges on addressing user-reported in major upgrades. Full maturity could drive adoption in emerging markets but demands rigorous optimization to avoid alienating users accustomed to MIUI's customization depth.

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