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Madison, Virginia
Madison, Virginia
Madison, Virginia
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Madison is a town in and the county seat of Madison County, Virginia, United States.[5] The population was 205 at the 2020 census.[2]

Key Information

History

[edit]

The Hebron Lutheran Church, The Homeplace, James City Historic District, Madison County Courthouse, Madison County Courthouse Historic District, and Woodbourne are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[6]

Geography

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According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.2 square mile (0.6 km2), all land.

View north along US 29 Bus and SR 231 in Madison

Transportation

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The main highways serving Madison are U.S. Route 29 Business and Virginia State Route 231. Through the entirety of their trip through the town, both highways follow Main Street. US 29 Bus is the old alignment of U.S. Route 29, which now bypasses the town just to the southeast. US 29 extends southwest towards Charlottesville and northeast towards Washington, D.C. SR 231 extends southeast towards Orange and northwest towards Sperryville.

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1880461—
1890353−23.4%
1940281—
19503089.6%
1960301−2.3%
1970299−0.7%
1980267−10.7%
199030715.0%
2000210−31.6%
20102299.0%
2020205−10.5%
U.S. Decennial Census[7]

As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 210 people, 109 households, and 57 families living in the town. The population density was 961.4 people per square mile (368.6/km2). There were 115 housing units at an average density of 526.5 per square mile (201.8/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 71.90% White and 28.10% African American.

There were 109 households, out of which 22.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.7% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.7% were non-families. 44.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.93 and the average family size was 2.65.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 18.6% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 26.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.2 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 76.3 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $32,188, and the median income for a family was $43,750. Males had a median income of $34,500 versus $18,958 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,445. About 4.5% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.1% of those under the age of eighteen and 5.1% of those 65 or over.

Notable people

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Madison, Virginia

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Madison is a town in , , serving as the and administrative hub for the surrounding rural area. As of the , its population was 205. The town lies in the region of , along Business and Virginia State Route 231 (Main Street), approximately 70 miles northwest of Richmond and near the . Established as the seat of Madison County—formed in 1792 from Culpeper County and named for the prominent Madison family whose lands included the area—the town features historic structures like the Madison County Courthouse, constructed in 1829, which exemplifies Federal-style architecture typical of early 19th-century Virginia public buildings. The region has deep historical roots, with evidence of Paleo-Indian habitation dating back over 11,000 years and later settlement by German immigrants in the 1720s, evolving into a crossroads for colonial exploration and Civil War engagements, including nearby skirmishes incorporated into Virginia's Civil War Trails program. Economically, Madison functions as a modest commercial center for the county's agricultural and tourism-oriented economy, bolstered by its proximity to natural attractions in the county's 321 square miles, which support farming, forestry, and emerging agritourism. The town's small size and preserved heritage underscore its role in preserving Virginia's rural character, with limited urban development and a focus on community governance through an elected mayor and . While the broader stands at 13,837 as of 2020, Madison itself remains a tight-knit locale without major industries or controversies, emphasizing local services, , and access to in the adjacent Blue Ridge foothills.

History

County Formation and Town Establishment

Madison County was established from Culpeper County by an act of the in December 1792, with the division taking effect in 1793. This creation separated the southwestern portion of Culpeper, encompassing approximately 320 square miles of terrain suited for and cultivation, as and land speculation necessitated localized governance for property disputes and taxation. The county derived its name from the Madison family, influential landowners who held extensive tracts along the Rapidan River and whose lineage included , a congressman at the time and future U.S. president. This naming underscored the role of familial land proprietorship in territorial organization, as elite estates anchored economic and political influence amid frontier expansion. Settlement in the region predated county formation, commencing around 1725 when German immigrants from the Second Colony relocated from Spotsylvania County to the Robinson River valley, establishing self-sustaining agrarian communities like . These pioneers, primarily Lutheran farmers, prioritized fertile soils for and , forming tight-knit enclaves reliant on private land patents and church institutions for social cohesion rather than distant colonial administration. The Town of Madison was formally established on January 6, 1800, by legislative act in response to a from over 100 residents seeking a central hub for and near the site. Positioned at the intersection of key roads, the town facilitated trade in agricultural goods, reinforcing the 's dependence on land-based enterprise and local .

Civil War Involvement and Postwar Recovery

During the , , served as a theater for Confederate operations screening movements toward the , hosting two engagements now commemorated on the Virginia Civil War Trails: the Battle of Jack's Shop on September 21–22, 1863, and the Battle of James City on October 10, 1863. In the former, approximately 7,000 Union troopers under Brigadier Generals and advanced into the county to scout roads and fords for a potential offensive, only to face coordinated Confederate attacks from multiple directions by elements of J.E.B. Stuart's division, resulting in Union withdrawal after sharp fighting involving dismounted troopers and exchanges. The Battle of James City followed as Stuart's horsemen, maneuvering to intercept a Union wagon train during the , clashed with pursuing Federal ; Union charges were repelled by Confederate sharpshooters concealed in woods and supporting fire, with the Federals retiring under cover of night after sustaining losses estimated in the dozens. These actions, part of broader Confederate efforts to disrupt Union , inflicted limited casualties—fewer than 200 combined across both—but exposed local residents to foraging, requisitions, and transient troop presences by figures including Stuart and Stonewall Jackson's corps earlier in the war. The conflicts disrupted Madison County's rural economy and infrastructure minimally compared to devastated Shenandoah Valley campaigns, with no recorded wholesale destruction of buildings or major population displacement, though skirmishes strained agricultural output amid wartime labor shortages and emancipation's early effects on enslaved populations comprising about 30% of residents by 1860. Property damage from and maneuvers affected farms along routes like the Blue Ridge Turnpike, but the county avoided sustained occupation, preserving much of its prewar social structure centered on smallholder farming. Postwar recovery emphasized restoration of rights, with former Confederate landowners retaining title to lands not confiscated under limited federal policies, enabling rapid rebuilding through individual initiative rather than extensive government intervention. Agricultural resurgence focused on diversified crops like and , adapting to free labor via tenant arrangements and operations; by the 1870s, farm production had stabilized without reliance on large-scale federal aid, as evidenced by sustained output in Virginia's mixed-economy model. Local leaders, including Confederate veterans transitioning to state politics, facilitated this through community-driven efforts, maintaining the county's agrarian heritage amid Reconstruction's challenges.

Modern Developments

The Town of Madison was incorporated by order of the Madison County Circuit Court on December 8, 1931, formalizing its role as the county seat and the sole incorporated municipality in Madison County. Governance occurs through a mayor, serving as chief executive with tie-breaking vote only, and a four-member council of qualified voters, all elected to staggered four-year terms; the town clerk manages daily operations, while a five-member planning commission advises on zoning and development to preserve local character. Madison's population has exhibited stability consistent with rural preferences for low-density living, declining slightly from approximately 500 residents around 1900 to 210 in the 2000 U.S. Census and 205 in the 2020 U.S. Census, amid minimal growth incentives and resistance to urban-style expansion. This continuity reflects broader patterns in Madison County, where conservative values prioritize self-reliance and limited regulation, as evidenced by the county's November 26, 2019, resolution declaring itself a Second Amendment sanctuary in opposition to state-level gun restrictions post-Democratic legislative gains. In the , practical enhancements underscore local problem-solving, including the Rapidan Service Authority's award of a on October 2, 2025, to upgrade and expand the Madison Wastewater Treatment Plant, doubling capacity from 80,000 to 160,000 gallons per day with work commencing post-January 1, 2026, at a capped cost of $8,960,344. Such targeted investments address essential needs without expansive bureaucratic overlays, aligning with the town's tradition of measured, community-driven progress.

Geography and Environment

Location and Physical Features


Madison, Virginia, is situated in central as the county seat of Madison County, with geographic coordinates of approximately 38.38°N, 78.26°W. The town lies at an elevation of 604 feet (184 meters) above , positioned in the physiographic province that transitions westward into the . This placement places Madison near the eastern foothills of the Blue Ridge, where the terrain shifts from rolling Piedmont hills to more rugged mountainous landscapes, with average county elevations around 1,001 feet (305 meters). The topography includes fertile valleys and riverine features, notably the Rapidan River, which drains much of the county and supports hydrological connectivity to the basin. These elements, characterized by well-drained soils in valley floors conducive to cultivation, historically facilitated agricultural settlement by providing reliable sources and for self-sustaining farming communities. Western portions of Madison County extend into forested Blue Ridge highlands, encompassing parts of with dense woodland cover dominated by deciduous and mixed forests, enhancing ecological diversity and resource availability for rural economies. Local GIS datasets confirm extensive forested acreage, approximately 60-70% of the county's land, interspersed with open fields optimized for pastoral and horticultural uses.

Climate Patterns

Madison, Virginia, exhibits a (Köppen classification Cfa), characterized by hot, humid summers, mild winters, and distributed relatively evenly across the year. Average annual measures approximately 44.5 inches, with monthly totals ranging from about 2.5 inches in drier periods to over 4 inches during wetter months like . This regimen supports consistent for without pronounced seasonal droughts. Temperatures show marked seasonal variation, with average highs reaching 85°F in and lows dipping to 27°F in , yielding an annual mean around 55°F. Summers feature high , often exceeding 70% relative humidity, while winters remain above freezing on average, with occasional accumulation under 15 inches annually. NOAA county-level records for Madison County, spanning over a century, reveal empirical stability in these metrics, with no statistically significant long-term increases in extreme heat days or precipitation intensity beyond natural variability. These patterns favor local viticulture, as the accumulation of —typically 2,500 to 3,000 annually—aligns with varietals like and , enabling winery operations without frost risks dominating the cycle. Spring frosts pose occasional threats to budding crops, but historical data indicate infrequency, averaging fewer than five severe events per decade.

Demographics

The population of Madison, Virginia, enumerated in the 2020 decennial , totaled 205 residents. Projections from -based models estimate a slight increase to 211 by 2025, corresponding to an annual growth rate of 0.48%. This pattern of minimal fluctuation underscores demographic steadiness in a rural context, where net migration remains low, as evidenced by consistent household formation and retention rates in data spanning 2010–2020. Demographic composition in 2020 reflected a predominantly population at 81.5%, with or African American residents comprising 10.2%, multiracial individuals 7.3%, and other groups under 1% each, including negligible or Latino representation. The median age stood at approximately 40 years, with a balanced distribution and a structure averaging 2.3 persons per unit. Median household income hovered around $47,000 in recent estimates, supporting a modest economic base tied to local employment and limited commuting. Such metrics illustrate resilience against broader rural depopulation pressures, as low voluntary out-migration—driven by factors like familial ties and preference for low-density living—offsets natural decrease, maintaining proportional stability over decades. Recent updates confirm this, showing population estimates near 328 in 2023 with comparable age and income profiles, absent significant influx from external sources.

Government and Politics

Local Governance Structure

The Town of Madison operates under a council-mayor form of government as established by its enacted in 1976, with a serving as chief executive and a four-member exercising legislative powers. All officials are qualified voters elected on the first Tuesday in May every four years, with terms commencing July 1 following the election. The presides over meetings, enforces ordinances, oversees town police, and holds authority over actions, which requires a two-thirds vote to override. The council manages core municipal functions, including administration, oversight, and provision of such as and sewer connections, drawing on general powers outlined in the Code. Decisions are formalized through ordinances or resolutions, with the body appointing necessary officers and fixing compensation. The town's fiscal operations follow a to June 30 cycle, prioritizing balanced budgets funded primarily by state revenues, local fees, and minimal taxation to support limited and administrative needs. Broader county-level functions, including collection and certain utilities like regional via the Rapidan Service Authority, fall under the Madison County , composed of five members serving staggered four-year terms. The county concurrently serves the town for and revenue handling, reflecting integrated local oversight without expanding town autonomy beyond charter-defined limits. Council meetings occur bi-monthly on the second Thursday at 6:00 p.m., ensuring public input on ordinances such as amendments while maintaining operational efficiency in this small incorporated municipality. Madison County, Virginia, exhibits a strong Republican lean in electoral outcomes, consistent with broader patterns in rural counties characterized by agricultural economies and limited urban influence. Voters have favored Republican presidential candidates in every election since 2000, reflecting preferences for policies emphasizing intervention and traditional values. In the 2020 , Republican secured 65.2% of the vote (5,300 votes), while Democrat received 33.2% (2,698 votes), with minor candidates accounting for the remainder. This margin exceeded the statewide result, where prevailed narrowly. Similar disparities appear in other statewide races, underscoring the county's divergence from 's increasingly competitive political landscape. Local elections reinforce this trend, with recent board of supervisors races often featuring uncontested or predominantly Republican candidates, as seen in the 2023 cycle where three incumbents ran unopposed for open seats. Debates among residents typically center on balancing economic development, such as winery expansions, against preservation of rural character, without significant partisan polarization at the municipal level. Virginia's lack of party-based voter registration precludes direct affiliation data, but turnout and results indicate sustained conservative majorities.

Economy

Primary Sectors and Employment

The primary employment sectors in Madison reflect its small-scale, service-driven economy, with retail trade as the largest employer for residents, supporting 50 workers in 2023, followed by and social assistance at 26 employees and at 20. These figures represent a of 173 individuals amid a of 328, underscoring limited local job opportunities that often necessitate . Median household income reached $47,059 in 2023, with average earnings of $45,268 for men and $39,000 for women, below county averages and indicative of reliance on modest service roles rather than high-wage industries. Agriculture remains a foundational yet modest sector, comprising approximately 3.9% of county-wide in 2024, with total farm income at $39 million supporting 447 s across 99,536 acres—many operating as diversified, small-scale ventures where part-time labor and off-farm income predominate. This marks a shift from traditional farming toward mixed operations integrating elements, though direct captures only a fraction of family-based or seasonal contributions. About 70% of county workers, including many from Madison, commute externally for , highlighting reduced local dependency on any single sector. Unemployment in Madison County stood at 2.0% as of 2023, reflecting stable conditions bolstered by in small businesses and seasonal service work, with minimal evidence of structural dependency on subsidized industries. Retail and dominate resident-based jobs, fostering resilience through localized over large-scale or corporate hubs.

Tourism and Agricultural Contributions

Tourism in Madison County generates substantial economic activity, with direct visitor spending reaching nearly $21 million in 2021, supporting local businesses through private enterprises such as and providers. The sector experienced verifiable growth in the post-2010s period, exemplified by winery expansions like Revalation Vineyards' $2.3 million in a production facility, tasting room, and event space completed in 2020, which enhanced capacity in the Hebron Valley. Similarly, Early Mountain Vineyards has positioned itself as a key destination, leveraging over 300 acres for wine production and visitor experiences that draw on the county's Blue Ridge Mountain setting to attract regional and national tourists. Recent data indicate a $25 million rise in visitor spending by 2024, marking a 9% increase over 2023 levels, driven by such private-sector initiatives rather than subsidized programs. Agriculture remains a foundational economic pillar, contributing $39 million in total , with operations adapting to market demands through diversified production in crops and without heavy reliance on government interventions. , including and , accounted for 45% of sales in recent USDA assessments, reflecting producers' focus on high-value outputs like amid 's broader sector generating over $324 million statewide in the late , a trend sustained by free-market efficiencies. Crops, comprising 55% of sales, include apples and other fruits, where have pursued varietal improvements and models to counter challenges like variable yields, as seen in regional adaptations to weather impacts without mandated subsidies. Individual achievements, such as those recognized in 's emerging initiatives, underscore entrepreneurial resilience, with net cash per operation rising 345% in recent censuses through targeted and crop strategies.

Education

Public Schools and Institutions

Public education in the town of Madison, Virginia, is provided through the Madison County Public Schools district, which administers four schools serving students from prekindergarten through grade 12 across the county, including town residents. These include Madison Primary School (preK–2), Waverly Yowell Elementary School (grades 3–5), William Wetsel Middle School (grades 6–8), and Madison County High School (grades 9–12). The district enrolled 1,669 students during the 2024 school year. State-reported metrics from the Virginia Department of Education show Madison County High School achieving an 87% on-time graduation rate for the class of 2023, lower than the statewide average of approximately 91%. Standards of Learning (SOL) test pass rates, tracked annually by the Virginia Department of Education, reflect performance in core subjects like reading, , and , with division-level data accessible via official profiles; math proficiency has lagged relative to pre-pandemic baselines, declining from an average of -0.48 grade-level equivalents in 2019 to -1.34 in 2022. Dropout rates at the high school level have remained low, between 1.4% and 5.3% in recent years, outperforming state averages. The district prioritizes practical, hands-on instruction suited to the rural economy, particularly through career and technical education (CTE) programs at Madison County High School. Offerings include emphasizing plant and animal systems, alongside and medical sciences courses that develop competencies for local , veterinary, and healthcare roles. These programs integrate real-world skills like communication and organization to support career readiness in agriculture-dependent sectors. Supplemental learning resources complement school offerings via the Madison County Library in Madison, which provides access to research databases, homework support, language learning tools, and literacy programs through partnerships like the Literacy Council of Madison County. The library's materials and events serve as extensions for student inquiry, particularly in a rural setting with limited alternatives.

Transportation

Road Networks and Accessibility

![View north along U.S. Route 29 Business and Virginia State Route 231 MainStreetMain Street]float-right Madison County's road network relies on as its primary north-south artery, facilitating access to regional highways including approximately 20-30 miles to the north via connections in adjacent counties. This route supports efficient rural connectivity without direct interstate passage through the county, emphasizing state-maintained primary highways totaling 62.71 miles as of December 31, 2022. Secondary state routes, such as State Route 230, provide the principal east-west linkage, connecting the of Madison to U.S. Routes 29 and 15 for broader regional travel. The overall system encompasses 295.87 miles of roads under Department of Transportation (VDOT) maintenance, with local secondary roads comprising the balance and aiding agricultural transport and tourism-related mobility in this low-density area. County facilities handle routine upkeep alongside VDOT oversight, prioritizing safety on unpaved rural paths integral to farming operations. Public transit options remain limited, with regional rideshare programs serving Madison County through the Rappahannock-Rapidan Regional Commission, but no fixed-route services operate locally, reinforcing automobile dependency as practical for dispersed settlements and sparse population. VDOT's Culpeper manages infrastructure improvements, such as intersection enhancements at U.S. 29 and Route 662, to sustain accessibility amid growing regional traffic.

Culture and Attractions

Outdoor Recreation and Wineries

Madison County offers access to outdoor pursuits leveraging its proximity to the and , encompassing over 33,000 acres within the county boundaries. Popular self-guided hiking opportunities include the strenuous 9.2-mile circuit trail in , starting from lower trailheads near in Madison County, featuring rock scrambles and panoramic vistas at elevations up to 3,291 feet. Trout in local streams and rivers, as well as on private lands during regulated seasons, draw enthusiasts to the area's foothills and woodlands. Horseback riding trails and guided rides are available on private properties such as Graves Mountain Farm in , which provides lessons and trail access amid farm landscapes. The same venue hosts apple picking during its Apple , held the first three weekends of from 10:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., allowing visitors to select varieties like Stayman Winesap directly from orchards on the 14,000-acre property. options exist at private sites and nearby facilities, emphasizing low-impact, self-reliant exploration over commercialized tours. The county's viniculture scene features estate wineries producing varietals suited to the , with DuCard Vineyards in Etlan cultivating grapes on three Madison County sites and employing traditional handmade methods for wines like since its founding in 2009. Early Mountain Vineyards, spanning 300 acres at the Blue Ridge foothills, focuses on site-specific blends under winemaker Maya Hood White, earning recognition for and . Revalation Vineyards in Madison offers tastings amid valley views, specializing in small-batch reds and whites. Blue Quartz Winery in Etlan pairs its wines with on-site grilling, drawing from Route 231's scenic corridor. Complementing the wineries, Bald Top Brewing Co., Virginia's first historic farm craft , opened on December 30, 2016, on 53 acres in Madison, producing beers like IPAs and stouts using on-farm ingredients and hosting live music events. These establishments support self-guided tastings and picnics, with many requiring reservations for indoor seating to manage capacity on private acreage.

Historical Sites

The Madison County Courthouse Historic District, centered in the town of Madison, features structures from the early 19th century and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, recognizing its architectural and historical significance. The district includes the county courthouse, constructed in 1829 in Federal style with later Greek Revival alterations, serving as the focal point of civic life since the county's formation in 1792. Nearby contributing buildings, such as the County Clerk's Office (1832) and the Arcade (1830s), exemplify vernacular Federal and Greek Revival architecture, preserving the town's role as a judicial and commercial hub. The Eagle House, originally Carpenter's Tavern established circa 1730 and rebuilt in brick around 1832, stands as one of the district's oldest sites, functioning as a and that hosted travelers and locals, including during the early era. Listed on both the and as part of the district, it retains original wooden floors and high ceilings, reflecting 18th- and 19th-century hospitality architecture amid ongoing preservation efforts by private owners. The Kemper Residence, a Greek Revival house built circa 1852, occupies a prominent position in the district and was home to Confederate James Lawson Kemper from 1865, who later became Virginia's . Restored and furnished with period artifacts by the Madison County Historical Society, the two-story wood-frame structure underscores the town's ties to antebellum and Reconstruction-era politics, with its preservation countering pressures from contemporary development that often prioritize modernization over historical continuity. Madison's historical sites extend to Civil War Trails markers commemorating battles at Jack's Shop on September 21, 1863, and James City on September 24, 1863, small but strategically significant engagements in the involving Union cavalry under and Confederate forces under . These markers, installed along routes like and state roads, provide interpretive signage drawing from primary accounts and archaeological evidence, aiding public education on local Confederate defensive actions without reliance on revisionist narratives. The Madison maintains additional properties, including replicas and exhibits at sites like Graves Mill Historical Park, fostering archival preservation of county artifacts dating to the against broader cultural trends favoring selective historical reinterpretation.

Notable People

Prominent Residents

Peter Early (June 20, 1773 – August 15, 1817) was born near Madison, Virginia, and later became a prominent , , and politician, serving as a U.S. Representative from from 1803 to 1807 and as from 1813 to 1815. James Hay (January 9, 1856 – June 12, 1931), a longtime resident of Madison, Virginia, where he died, was a Democratic who served as Commonwealth's Attorney for Madison County before representing in the U.S. House from 1891 to 1911 and later as a on the U.S. of Claims from 1911 to 1927. Douglas Evans (January 26, 1904 – March 25, 1968), born in Madison, Virginia, was an actor who appeared in over 50 films and television episodes, including roles in (1959), Dragnet (1947), and serials such as (1949). David Allen (February 15, 1858 – October 21, 1931), born in Madison, Virginia, played first base for the Pittsburgh Keystones in the Negro Leagues during the 1887 season, recording ten hits in seven games across 35 plate appearances.

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  61. https://www.madisonco.virginia.gov/452/Education
  62. https://madisoncountyvalibrary.org/
  63. https://www.centralvirginia.org/about-the-partnership/localities-in-central-virginia/madison-county/
  64. https://www.madisonco.virginia.gov/362/Advantages-for-Business
  65. https://www.vdot.virginia.gov/media/vdotvirginiagov/travel-and-traffic/maps/counties/56_Madison_acc052323_PM.pdf
  66. https://www.madisonco.virginia.gov/185/Facilities-Maintenance
  67. https://vdot.virginia.gov/travel-traffic/commuters/park-and-ride/
  68. https://www.madisonco.virginia.gov/557/VDOT
  69. https://vdot.virginia.gov/projects/culpeper-district/route-29-at-route-662-shelby-road-madison-county/
  70. https://madisonva.com/category/outdoor-activities/
  71. https://www.gravesmountain.com/apple-harvest-festival-first-3-weekends-in-october/
  72. https://www.gravesmountain.com/horse-riding-lessons-madison-county-va/
  73. https://ducardvineyards.com/
  74. https://www.earlymountain.com/
  75. https://revalationvineyards.com/
  76. https://baldtopbrewing.com/
  77. https://www.virginia.org/listing/bald-top-brewing-co-vas-first-historic-farm-brewery%21/16495/
  78. https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/historic-registers/256-0004/
  79. https://www.dhr.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/256-0004_-Madison_County_Courthouse_HD_1984-2022_Final_Nomination.pdf
  80. https://www.stayinmadisonva.com/madison-eagle-history
  81. https://madisonva.com/venues/eagle-house/
  82. https://madisonvahistoricalsociety.org/facilities/
  83. https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=8187
  84. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4IInIMVSePs
  85. https://madisonvahistoricalsociety.org/
  86. https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/E/EARLY%2C-Peter-%28E000014%29/
  87. https://www.nga.org/governor/peter-early/
  88. https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/14752?current_search_qs=%253FCommand%252525%2526PreviousSearch%253DSearch%25252cLastName%25252c%25252c%25252c%25252c%25252cFalse%25252cFalse%25252cFalse%25252c%25252cMostRecommended%2526CurrentPage%253D422%2526SortOrder%253DMostRecommended%2526ResultType%253DList%2526Command%253DNext
  89. https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/hay-james
  90. https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/hay.html
  91. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0262720/
  92. https://www.themoviedb.org/person/103108-douglas-evans?language=en-US
  93. https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=allen-006dav
  94. https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/david-allen/
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