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Maijishan Grottoes
The Maijishan Grottoes (simplified Chinese: 麦积山石窟; traditional Chinese: 麥積山石窟; pinyin: Màijīshān Shíkū), formerly romanized as Maichishan, are a series of 194 rock-cut caves cut into the Maijishan hill in Tianshui, Gansu Province, northwest China. They contain over 7,200 Buddhist sculptures and over 1,000 square meters of murals.
The name Maijishan consists of three Chinese words (麦积山): mai (麦) is the generic term for most grains, ji (积) means "stack" or "mound", and shan (山) means "mountain". Maijishan is often translated as "wheatstack mountain" or "corn rick mountain".
The mountain is formed of purplish red sandstone. Construction of the grottoes began in the Later Qin era (384–417 CE). A team of Chinese archeologists from Beijing conducted the first modern exploration in 1952–53. They devised the numbering system still in use today. Caves #1–50 are on the western cliff face, while caves #51–191 on the eastern cliff face. The grottoes were later photographed by Michael Sullivan and Dominique Darbois, who subsequently published the primary English-language work on the caves noted in the footnotes below.
The Maijishan Grottoes are just one of the string of Buddhist grottoes that can be found in this area of northwest China, lying more or less on the main routes connecting China and Central Asia. These sites, along with other archeological sites along the eastern Silk Road, were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2014 as part of the "Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor" site.
Maijishan is located close to the east–west route that connects Xi'an with Lanzhou and eventually Dunhuang, as well as the route that veers off to the south that connects Xi'an with Chengdu in Sichuan and regions as far south as India. At this crossroads, several of the sculptures in Maijishan from around the 6th century appear to have Indian—and SE Asian—features that could have come north via these north–south routes. The earliest artistic influence came, however, from the northwest, through Central Asia along the Silk Road. Later, during the Song and Ming Dynasties, as the caves were renovated and repaired, the influences came from central and eastern China and the sculpture is more distinctly Chinese.
Cave shrines in China probably served two purposes: originally, before Buddhism came to China, they may have been used as local shrines to worship one's ancestors or various nature deities. With the coming of Buddhism to China, however, influenced by the long tradition of cave shrines from India (such as Ajanta) and Central Asia (primarily Afghanistan), they became part of China's religious architecture.
Buddhism in this part of China spread through the support of the Later Qin dynasty (384–417), one of the "Sixteen Kingdoms" that existed from 304 to 439 CE—a collection of numerous short-lived sovereign states in China. The Later Qin was ruled by the Qiang people, and their second ruler, Yao Xing, was a fervent believer of Buddhism who heavily promoted the religion to his subjects. The construction of the Maijishan Grottoes most likely began under his reign. The grottoes were later controlled by the Xianbei-led Western Qin dynasty (385–431), who showed interest in Buddhism themselves, as evidenced by their construction of another series of Buddhist grottoes, the Bingling Temple.
Sometime between 420 and 422 CE, a monk by the name of Tanhung arrived at Maijishan and proceeded to build a small monastic community. One of the legends is that he had previously been living in Chang'an but had fled to Maijishan when the city was invaded by the Sung army. Within a few years he was joined by another senior monk, Xuangao, who brought 100 followers to the mountain. Both are recorded in a book entitled Memoirs of Eminent Monks; eventually their community grew to 300 members. Xuangao later moved to the court of the local king where he remained until its conquest by the Northern Wei, when he, together with all the other inhabitants of the court, were forced to migrate and settle in the Wei capital. He died in 444 during a period of Buddhist persecution. Tanhung also left Maijishan during this period and travelled south, to somewhere in Cochin China, when in approximately 455, he burned himself to death.
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Maijishan Grottoes
The Maijishan Grottoes (simplified Chinese: 麦积山石窟; traditional Chinese: 麥積山石窟; pinyin: Màijīshān Shíkū), formerly romanized as Maichishan, are a series of 194 rock-cut caves cut into the Maijishan hill in Tianshui, Gansu Province, northwest China. They contain over 7,200 Buddhist sculptures and over 1,000 square meters of murals.
The name Maijishan consists of three Chinese words (麦积山): mai (麦) is the generic term for most grains, ji (积) means "stack" or "mound", and shan (山) means "mountain". Maijishan is often translated as "wheatstack mountain" or "corn rick mountain".
The mountain is formed of purplish red sandstone. Construction of the grottoes began in the Later Qin era (384–417 CE). A team of Chinese archeologists from Beijing conducted the first modern exploration in 1952–53. They devised the numbering system still in use today. Caves #1–50 are on the western cliff face, while caves #51–191 on the eastern cliff face. The grottoes were later photographed by Michael Sullivan and Dominique Darbois, who subsequently published the primary English-language work on the caves noted in the footnotes below.
The Maijishan Grottoes are just one of the string of Buddhist grottoes that can be found in this area of northwest China, lying more or less on the main routes connecting China and Central Asia. These sites, along with other archeological sites along the eastern Silk Road, were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2014 as part of the "Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor" site.
Maijishan is located close to the east–west route that connects Xi'an with Lanzhou and eventually Dunhuang, as well as the route that veers off to the south that connects Xi'an with Chengdu in Sichuan and regions as far south as India. At this crossroads, several of the sculptures in Maijishan from around the 6th century appear to have Indian—and SE Asian—features that could have come north via these north–south routes. The earliest artistic influence came, however, from the northwest, through Central Asia along the Silk Road. Later, during the Song and Ming Dynasties, as the caves were renovated and repaired, the influences came from central and eastern China and the sculpture is more distinctly Chinese.
Cave shrines in China probably served two purposes: originally, before Buddhism came to China, they may have been used as local shrines to worship one's ancestors or various nature deities. With the coming of Buddhism to China, however, influenced by the long tradition of cave shrines from India (such as Ajanta) and Central Asia (primarily Afghanistan), they became part of China's religious architecture.
Buddhism in this part of China spread through the support of the Later Qin dynasty (384–417), one of the "Sixteen Kingdoms" that existed from 304 to 439 CE—a collection of numerous short-lived sovereign states in China. The Later Qin was ruled by the Qiang people, and their second ruler, Yao Xing, was a fervent believer of Buddhism who heavily promoted the religion to his subjects. The construction of the Maijishan Grottoes most likely began under his reign. The grottoes were later controlled by the Xianbei-led Western Qin dynasty (385–431), who showed interest in Buddhism themselves, as evidenced by their construction of another series of Buddhist grottoes, the Bingling Temple.
Sometime between 420 and 422 CE, a monk by the name of Tanhung arrived at Maijishan and proceeded to build a small monastic community. One of the legends is that he had previously been living in Chang'an but had fled to Maijishan when the city was invaded by the Sung army. Within a few years he was joined by another senior monk, Xuangao, who brought 100 followers to the mountain. Both are recorded in a book entitled Memoirs of Eminent Monks; eventually their community grew to 300 members. Xuangao later moved to the court of the local king where he remained until its conquest by the Northern Wei, when he, together with all the other inhabitants of the court, were forced to migrate and settle in the Wei capital. He died in 444 during a period of Buddhist persecution. Tanhung also left Maijishan during this period and travelled south, to somewhere in Cochin China, when in approximately 455, he burned himself to death.