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Marie Antoinette (/\u02cc\u00e6ntw\u0259\u02c8n\u025bt, \u02cc\u0252\u0303t-/;^[1] French: [ma\u0281i \u0251\u0303twan\u025bt] ^\u24d8; Maria Antonia Josefa Johanna; 2 November 1755 \u2013 16 October 1793) was the last Queen of France prior to the French Revolution and the establishment of the French First Republic. Marie Antoinette was the wife of Louis XVI. Born Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria, she was the penultimate child and youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa and Emperor Francis I. She married Louis Auguste, Dauphin of France, in May 1770 at the age of 14. She then became the Dauphine of France. On 10 May 1774, her husband ascended the throne as Louis XVI and she became queen.\n

As queen, Marie Antoinette became increasingly a target of criticism by opponents of the domestic and foreign policies of Louis XVI, and those opposed to the monarchy in general. The French libelles accused her of being profligate,^[2] promiscuous, having illegitimate children, and harboring sympathies for France's perceived enemies, including her native Austria. She was falsely accused of defrauding the Crown's jewelers in the Affair of the Diamond Necklace, but the accusations damaged her reputation further. During the French Revolution, she became known as Madame D\u00e9ficit because the country's financial crisis was blamed on her lavish spending and her opposition to social and financial reforms proposed by Anne Robert Jacques Turgot and Jacques Necker.\n

Several events were linked to Marie Antoinette during the Revolution after the government placed the royal family under house arrest in the Tuileries Palace in October 1789. The June 1791 attempted flight to Varennes and her role in the War of the First Coalition were immensely damaging to her image among French citizens. On 10 August 1792, the attack on the Tuileries forced the royal family to take refuge at the Assembly, and they were imprisoned in the Temple Prison on 13 August 1792. On 21 September 1792, France was declared a republic and the monarchy was abolished. Louis XVI was executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793. Marie Antoinette's trial began on 14 October 1793; two days later, she was convicted by the Revolutionary Tribunal of high treason and executed by beheading by guillotine on 16 October 1793 at the Place de la R\u00e9volution during the French Revolution.\n

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Name	Portrait	Lifespan	Age	Notes\n
Marie-Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Charlotte Madame Royale\n	\n	19 December 1778 \u2013 19 October 1851\n	72 years and 10 months\n	Married her cousin, Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoul\u00eame, the eldest son of the future Charles X of France.\n
Louis Joseph Xavier Fran\u00e7ois Dauphin de France\n	\n	22 October 1781 \u2013 4 June 1789\n	7 years, 7 months and 13 days\n	Contracted tuberculosis and died in childhood on the very day the Estates General convened.\n
Louis XVII of France (nominally) King of France and Navarre\n	\n	27 March 1785 \u2013 8 June 1795\n	10 years, 2 months and 12 days\n	Died in childhood; no issue. He was never officially king, nor did he rule. His title was bestowed by his royalist supporters and acknowledged implicitly by his uncle's later adoption of the regnal name Louis XVIII rather than Louis XVII, upon the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in 1814.\n
Marie Sophie H\u00e9l\u00e8ne B\u00e9atrix\n	\n	9 July 1786 \u2013 19 June 1787\n	11 months and 10 days\n	Died in the Palace of Versailles at the age of 11 months after suffering several days of convulsions, possibly related to tuberculosis.^[237]\n

French royalty\n
Marie Antoinette House of Habsburg-Lorraine Cadet branch of the House of Habsburg and House of Lorraine Born: 2 November 1755 Died: 16 October 1793\n
Vacant Title last held by Marie Leszczy\u0144ska \n	Queen consort of France 1774\u20131792 from 1791 Queen of the French\n	Vacant Monarchy abolished Title next held by Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais as Empress of the French \n
Titles in pretence\n
Loss of title Republic declared \n	\u2014 TITULAR \u2014 Queen consort of France 4 September 1791 \u2013 21 January 1793\n	Vacant Title next held by Marie Jos\u00e9phine of Savoy \n

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Early life (1755\u20131770)

Dauphine of France (1770\u20131774)

Queen of France and Navarre (1774\u20131792)

Early years (1774\u20131778)

Motherhood, changes at court and intervention in politics (1778\u20131781)

Declining popularity (1782\u20131785)

Prelude to the Revolution: scandals and the failure of reforms (1786\u20131789)

Diamond necklace scandal

Failure of political and financial reforms

French Revolution before Varennes (1789\u20131791)

Mirabeau

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Flight, arrest at Varennes and return to Paris (21\u201325 June 1791)

Radicalization of the Revolution after Varennes (1791\u20131792)

Events leading to the abolition of the monarchy on 10 August 1792

Louis XVI's trial and execution

Marie Antoinette in the Temple

Conciergerie

Trial and execution (14\u201316 October 1793)

Foreign response

Bourbon Restoration

Legacy

In popular culture

Family tree

Children

References

Notes

Bibliography

Further reading

External links