Opportunities for women in science were extremely limited. Formal education in scientific fields was often inaccessible or discouraged, and women faced significant barriers to entering professional careers in science.

The establishment of women's colleges provided a crucial avenue for women to pursue higher education in science and other fields. These institutions fostered a supportive environment for women to develop their intellectual abilities and pursue their academic interests.

Despite the challenges, a growing number of women began to make significant contributions to science. Many women found opportunities in fields considered "suitable" for women, such as home economics, nutrition, and public health, which offered avenues for applying scientific knowledge to practical problems.

World War I created new opportunities for women to enter the workforce, including in scientific and technical fields. However, women continued to face discrimination and bias in employment, pay, and advancement, even after demonstrating their competence and contributions.