Early industrialization focused on textile mills and manufacturing centers in New England. Steam power began to gain prominence, but the scale of industrialization was relatively limited compared to later periods. Urban centers began to grow, but pollution was not yet a major concern in most areas.

The expansion of the railroad network and the growth of heavy industry (coal mining, steel production) fueled rapid industrialization and urbanization. Cities experienced massive population growth, leading to increased pollution from factories, railroads, and residential areas. The Civil War further accelerated industrial production.

The late 19th century, often referred to as the Gilded Age, witnessed unprecedented industrial growth and urban sprawl. Major cities like New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia transformed into sprawling metropolises. Air and noise pollution became severe problems, prompting inventors like Mary Walton to develop solutions.