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Torque converter
A torque converter is a device, usually implemented as a type of fluid coupling, that transfers rotating power from a prime mover, like an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. In a vehicle with an automatic transmission, the torque converter connects the prime mover to the automatic gear train, which then drives the load. It is usually located between the engine's flexplate and the transmission. The equivalent device in a manual transmission is the mechanical clutch.
A torque converter serves to increase transmitted torque when the output rotational speed is low. In the fluid coupling embodiment, it uses a fluid, driven by the vanes of an input impeller, and directed through the vanes of a fixed stator, to drive an output turbine so that torque on the output is increased when the output shaft is rotating slower than the input shaft, thus providing the equivalent of an adaptive reduction gear. This is a feature beyond what a simple fluid coupling provides, which can match rotational speed but does not multiply torque.
The most common form of torque converter in automobile transmissions is the hydrodynamic device. Fluid-coupling–based torque converters also typically include a lock-up function to rigidly couple input and output and avoid the efficiency losses associated with transmitting torque by fluid flow when operating conditions permit. There are also hydrostatic systems which are widely used in small machines such as compact excavators.
Mechanical torque converters, are similar to mechanical continuously variable transmissions or capable of acting as such. They include the pendulum-based Constantinesco torque converter, the Lambert friction gearing disk drive transmission and the Variomatic with expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
Torque converter equations of motion are governed by Leonhard Euler's eighteenth century turbomachine equation:
The equation expands to include the fifth power of radius; as a result, torque converter properties are very dependent on the size of the device.
Mathematical formulations for the torque converter are available from several authors.
Hrovat derived the equations of the pump, turbine, stator, and conservation of energy. Four first-order differential equations can define the performance of the torque converter.
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Torque converter AI simulator
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Torque converter
A torque converter is a device, usually implemented as a type of fluid coupling, that transfers rotating power from a prime mover, like an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. In a vehicle with an automatic transmission, the torque converter connects the prime mover to the automatic gear train, which then drives the load. It is usually located between the engine's flexplate and the transmission. The equivalent device in a manual transmission is the mechanical clutch.
A torque converter serves to increase transmitted torque when the output rotational speed is low. In the fluid coupling embodiment, it uses a fluid, driven by the vanes of an input impeller, and directed through the vanes of a fixed stator, to drive an output turbine so that torque on the output is increased when the output shaft is rotating slower than the input shaft, thus providing the equivalent of an adaptive reduction gear. This is a feature beyond what a simple fluid coupling provides, which can match rotational speed but does not multiply torque.
The most common form of torque converter in automobile transmissions is the hydrodynamic device. Fluid-coupling–based torque converters also typically include a lock-up function to rigidly couple input and output and avoid the efficiency losses associated with transmitting torque by fluid flow when operating conditions permit. There are also hydrostatic systems which are widely used in small machines such as compact excavators.
Mechanical torque converters, are similar to mechanical continuously variable transmissions or capable of acting as such. They include the pendulum-based Constantinesco torque converter, the Lambert friction gearing disk drive transmission and the Variomatic with expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
Torque converter equations of motion are governed by Leonhard Euler's eighteenth century turbomachine equation:
The equation expands to include the fifth power of radius; as a result, torque converter properties are very dependent on the size of the device.
Mathematical formulations for the torque converter are available from several authors.
Hrovat derived the equations of the pump, turbine, stator, and conservation of energy. Four first-order differential equations can define the performance of the torque converter.