Merge (traffic)

In traffic engineering, a merge is the point where two streams of traffic travelling in the same direction from multiple roads or in multiple lanes on the same road are required to merge into a single lane.

A merge may be a permanent road feature, for example at the end of a dual carriageway, or a temporary feature, common during roadworks.

Generally speaking, at a slip road onto a controlled-access highway or otherwise, traffic on the highway has priority over traffic joining at the slip road, and therefore the slip road traffic should accelerate to the speed on the major road and merge into a gap in the stream of traffic in lane one. At some slip roads, traffic continues into a new lane (a "lane gain") and therefore does not need to merge.

The early merge method dictates that one stream of traffic will maintain priority over another at the merge, and therefore traffic in the other lane should merge at the first opportunity. To encourage drivers to merge early, authorities may employ a static or dynamic early merge strategy. Strictly speaking an early merge is different from a conventional merging method, in that the traffic is encouraged to merge well in advance of the merge point.

A static early merge strategy involves the placement of advance notices for a fixed distance in advance of the lane closure. This method may reduce the chance for rear-end collisions by warning drivers of the closure in advance of congestion.

A dynamic merge strategy involves advance notices for a variable distance from the lane closure. For example, in the US state of Indiana, a dynamic no-passing zone is created in advance of the merge, to ensure drivers can move into the open lane before reaching the end of a queue.

The late merge method, also known as zipper merging, dictates that both streams of traffic should continue to drive up to the point of closure of one stream and merge at the marked taper. Both streams should create alternating gaps (like the teeth of a zipper) into which vehicles from the other stream can merge at the merge point (thus "zipping up" the zipper). In heavy traffic flow, traffic should therefore queue in both lanes in advance of the merge.

The late merge method considerably reduces both queue/line ("backup") length (because drivers use the ending lane until it ends) and speed differences between the two lanes, increasing safety. The late merge operates at a nearly 20 percent higher capacity than a conventional merge. In the case of Interstate 77 in North Carolina, where signs directed people to use the zipper merge, the maximum length of the backup was reduced from eight miles to two.