After the war, Kalashnikov married Ekaterina Danilovna Astakhova. She became an important figure in his life, providing support and encouragement throughout his career.

Mikhail and Ekaterina Kalashnikov raised a family together. They had four children: daughters Nelli and Elena, and sons Yuri and Viktor. All children pursued successful careers.

His son, Viktor Kalashnikov, followed in his father's footsteps and also became a weapons designer. Viktor was involved in the development of several firearms, including the PP-19 Bizon submachine gun.

Kalashnikov and his wife remained married until her death in 1977. He attributed much of his success to her unwavering support and understanding.

Kalashnikov passed away on December 23, 2013, in Izhevsk, Russia, at the age of 94. He was buried with full military honors. He left behind a lasting legacy, both in the world of firearms and in the lives of his family.