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Min Kuo Jih Pao
The Min Kuo Jih Pao (Chinese: 民國日報), also known by its English-language name as The Republican Daily News, was a Chinese-language daily newspaper published from 1916 to 1947. It was founded in Shanghai by Chen Qimei and others on 22 January 1916, and had Ye Chucan and Shao Lizi as its chief editors. Initially, it served as the primary publication for the Chinese Revolutionary Party before transitioning to the official party newspaper of the Kuomintang (KMT). The newspaper pioneered a management model where the chief editor assumed full responsibility, breaking away from the traditional practice of newspaper operations being dominated by a managerial figure.
At its inception, the Min Kuo Jih Pao was dedicated to opposing Yuan Shikai, actively supporting the Constitutional Protection Movement, and criticising the Beiyang government. During the May Fourth Movement, it urged various sectors of society to strike and boycott in protest, adopting a radical stance in the subsequent New Culture Movement by exploring issues such as gender equality, women's liberation, and Marxism–Leninism. After Sun Yat-sen's death, control of the newspaper shifted to the Western Hills Group, leading to the Nationalist Party's central committee reorganising the paper in 1926. Following the 12 April incident, its editorial stance closely aligned with the Nanjing Nationalist Government. In 1932, the newspaper was shut down by the Public Concession authorities following Japanese accusations of disrespectful language towards the Emperor, becoming a catalyst for the January 28 incident. After the incident, it resumed publication as the Min Pao (simplified Chinese: 民报; traditional Chinese: 民報) until the 1937 Battle of Shanghai. Post-war, it was republished under the name Min Kuo Jih Pao until January 1947.
Between 1916 and 1932, the Shanghai-based Min Kuo Jih Pao had a significant impact on Chinese society and, along with Ta Kung Pao, Shun Pao, and Yi Shih Pao, was renowned as one of the "Four Major Newspapers of the Republic of China." Its supplement, "Awakening," was one of the four major supplements during the New Culture Movement. In the 1920s, numerous provincial, municipal, and county branches of KMT established local editions of the Min Kuo Jih Pao, making it the official organ of the local party branches.
The Min Kuo Jih Pao was established on 22 January 1916 in the Shanghai French Concession by Chen Qimei and others, with Ye Chucan and Shao Lizi serving as its chief editors. It was the primary newspaper of the Chinese Revolutionary Party. At its launch, the newspaper's main objective was to oppose Yuan Shikai, and its inaugural editorial stated:
In the spring when autocratic tyranny is exposed, on the day when righteous forces rise throughout the land, we, the Min Kuo Jih Pao, solemnly present our first words to compatriots nationwide: Despotism leads inevitably to chaos, usurpation demands rightful punishment; complacency is not a strategy for safeguarding our land, and tolerance is not the path of righteousness. Today, as wounds fester and our realm teeters on the brink of collapse, with the source of our troubles not yet eradicated, and extinction looming, our compatriots furrow their brows in distress, a sentiment not new to this day. Yet, why do we still not rise in self-defence?
In subsequent reports, the newspaper continued to refer to Yuan as a "tyrant," describing his government as "evil" and criticising his attempt to restore the monarchy as "a treacherous theft of the nation." It mocked his ascension to the throne as a farcical "grand ascent," denouncing it as shameless. After Yuan's death, the paper continued to refer to him with derogatory terms such as "Yuan Shikai, whose evil deeds were fully accumulated," "Yuan the Rebel," and "Yuan the Thief," expressing a sense of relief at his death, believing it brought new vitality to the Chinese people. Following Yuan's failed attempt to declare himself emperor in March 1916, the Min Kuo Jih Pao actively supported the Protection Movement led by Sun Yat-sen, criticising the Beiyang warlord government. The paper referred to the Protection Army as "righteous troops" and published a series of articles titled "Chronicles of the Southwestern Righteous Army." It also featured special coverage on the third anniversary of the death of Tongmenghui elder and founding member of the KMT, Song Jiaoren, using the occasion to denounce Yuan's regime. Less than four months after its inception, on 18 May 1916, Chen Qimei, one of the founders of the newspaper, was assassinated in Shanghai.
During the May Fourth Movement, the Min Kuo Jih Pao supported the KMT opposition to various warlords with the aim of establishing a national government. On 6 May 1919, the Shanghai edition of the Min Kuo Jih Pao published a headline on the front page about the student movement in Beijing, namely the May Fourth Movement. It specially printed a portrait of Cao Rulin, labelling it with phrases such as "The Traitor Cao Rulin's Portrait" to express condemnation towards Cao Rulin. The paper also published a telegram from Beijing reporting "Zhang Zongxiang's serious injury and death" along with a short commentary titled "The End of a Traitor," referring to Zhang Zongxiang's death. However, Zhang Zongxiang had not died; on 7 May, the paper published another telegram, "Zhang Zongxiang Still Refuses to Die," reporting his revival after fainting at the Japan-China Friendship Hospital.
After the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement, Shao Lizi was invited to a tea party hosted by the Shanghai Student Union at the Carlton Cafe on Ningbo Road. He called for a citywide strike in Shanghai to support the student movement, and subsequently, the Min Kuo Jih Pao published an editorial titled "Make a Decision Quickly to Strike," urging all sectors of society to participate in strikes and boycotts to support the student movement. Inspired by the Min Kuo Jih Pao and other newspapers, nearly ten thousand people in Shanghai joined the strike and boycott movement in early June. The Min Kuo Jih Pao closely monitored the development of the May Fourth Movement in Jiangsu, providing continuous coverage. When news of the Chinese delegation's refusal to sign the Treaty of Versailles broke, the paper immediately published "The Wujiang Salvation Group's Telegram to the Delegates," expressing support and admiration for the refusal. Following this, the Min Kuo Jih Pao reported on activities in Jiangsu that responded to the May Fourth Movement, including student marches, speeches, the burning of Japanese goods, and protest activities in cities like Jintan, Suqian, Suzhou, Zhenjiang, Nantong, Xuzhou, and Huaian.
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Min Kuo Jih Pao
The Min Kuo Jih Pao (Chinese: 民國日報), also known by its English-language name as The Republican Daily News, was a Chinese-language daily newspaper published from 1916 to 1947. It was founded in Shanghai by Chen Qimei and others on 22 January 1916, and had Ye Chucan and Shao Lizi as its chief editors. Initially, it served as the primary publication for the Chinese Revolutionary Party before transitioning to the official party newspaper of the Kuomintang (KMT). The newspaper pioneered a management model where the chief editor assumed full responsibility, breaking away from the traditional practice of newspaper operations being dominated by a managerial figure.
At its inception, the Min Kuo Jih Pao was dedicated to opposing Yuan Shikai, actively supporting the Constitutional Protection Movement, and criticising the Beiyang government. During the May Fourth Movement, it urged various sectors of society to strike and boycott in protest, adopting a radical stance in the subsequent New Culture Movement by exploring issues such as gender equality, women's liberation, and Marxism–Leninism. After Sun Yat-sen's death, control of the newspaper shifted to the Western Hills Group, leading to the Nationalist Party's central committee reorganising the paper in 1926. Following the 12 April incident, its editorial stance closely aligned with the Nanjing Nationalist Government. In 1932, the newspaper was shut down by the Public Concession authorities following Japanese accusations of disrespectful language towards the Emperor, becoming a catalyst for the January 28 incident. After the incident, it resumed publication as the Min Pao (simplified Chinese: 民报; traditional Chinese: 民報) until the 1937 Battle of Shanghai. Post-war, it was republished under the name Min Kuo Jih Pao until January 1947.
Between 1916 and 1932, the Shanghai-based Min Kuo Jih Pao had a significant impact on Chinese society and, along with Ta Kung Pao, Shun Pao, and Yi Shih Pao, was renowned as one of the "Four Major Newspapers of the Republic of China." Its supplement, "Awakening," was one of the four major supplements during the New Culture Movement. In the 1920s, numerous provincial, municipal, and county branches of KMT established local editions of the Min Kuo Jih Pao, making it the official organ of the local party branches.
The Min Kuo Jih Pao was established on 22 January 1916 in the Shanghai French Concession by Chen Qimei and others, with Ye Chucan and Shao Lizi serving as its chief editors. It was the primary newspaper of the Chinese Revolutionary Party. At its launch, the newspaper's main objective was to oppose Yuan Shikai, and its inaugural editorial stated:
In the spring when autocratic tyranny is exposed, on the day when righteous forces rise throughout the land, we, the Min Kuo Jih Pao, solemnly present our first words to compatriots nationwide: Despotism leads inevitably to chaos, usurpation demands rightful punishment; complacency is not a strategy for safeguarding our land, and tolerance is not the path of righteousness. Today, as wounds fester and our realm teeters on the brink of collapse, with the source of our troubles not yet eradicated, and extinction looming, our compatriots furrow their brows in distress, a sentiment not new to this day. Yet, why do we still not rise in self-defence?
In subsequent reports, the newspaper continued to refer to Yuan as a "tyrant," describing his government as "evil" and criticising his attempt to restore the monarchy as "a treacherous theft of the nation." It mocked his ascension to the throne as a farcical "grand ascent," denouncing it as shameless. After Yuan's death, the paper continued to refer to him with derogatory terms such as "Yuan Shikai, whose evil deeds were fully accumulated," "Yuan the Rebel," and "Yuan the Thief," expressing a sense of relief at his death, believing it brought new vitality to the Chinese people. Following Yuan's failed attempt to declare himself emperor in March 1916, the Min Kuo Jih Pao actively supported the Protection Movement led by Sun Yat-sen, criticising the Beiyang warlord government. The paper referred to the Protection Army as "righteous troops" and published a series of articles titled "Chronicles of the Southwestern Righteous Army." It also featured special coverage on the third anniversary of the death of Tongmenghui elder and founding member of the KMT, Song Jiaoren, using the occasion to denounce Yuan's regime. Less than four months after its inception, on 18 May 1916, Chen Qimei, one of the founders of the newspaper, was assassinated in Shanghai.
During the May Fourth Movement, the Min Kuo Jih Pao supported the KMT opposition to various warlords with the aim of establishing a national government. On 6 May 1919, the Shanghai edition of the Min Kuo Jih Pao published a headline on the front page about the student movement in Beijing, namely the May Fourth Movement. It specially printed a portrait of Cao Rulin, labelling it with phrases such as "The Traitor Cao Rulin's Portrait" to express condemnation towards Cao Rulin. The paper also published a telegram from Beijing reporting "Zhang Zongxiang's serious injury and death" along with a short commentary titled "The End of a Traitor," referring to Zhang Zongxiang's death. However, Zhang Zongxiang had not died; on 7 May, the paper published another telegram, "Zhang Zongxiang Still Refuses to Die," reporting his revival after fainting at the Japan-China Friendship Hospital.
After the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement, Shao Lizi was invited to a tea party hosted by the Shanghai Student Union at the Carlton Cafe on Ningbo Road. He called for a citywide strike in Shanghai to support the student movement, and subsequently, the Min Kuo Jih Pao published an editorial titled "Make a Decision Quickly to Strike," urging all sectors of society to participate in strikes and boycotts to support the student movement. Inspired by the Min Kuo Jih Pao and other newspapers, nearly ten thousand people in Shanghai joined the strike and boycott movement in early June. The Min Kuo Jih Pao closely monitored the development of the May Fourth Movement in Jiangsu, providing continuous coverage. When news of the Chinese delegation's refusal to sign the Treaty of Versailles broke, the paper immediately published "The Wujiang Salvation Group's Telegram to the Delegates," expressing support and admiration for the refusal. Following this, the Min Kuo Jih Pao reported on activities in Jiangsu that responded to the May Fourth Movement, including student marches, speeches, the burning of Japanese goods, and protest activities in cities like Jintan, Suqian, Suzhou, Zhenjiang, Nantong, Xuzhou, and Huaian.
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