Alberta's Ministry of Health is a ministry of the Executive Council of Alberta whose major responsibilities include setting "policy and direction to achieve a sustainable and accountable health system to promote and protect the health of Albertans."

On April 16, 2019, Tyler Shandro replaced Sarah Hoffman as Minister of Health following the 2019 Alberta general election.

On June 9, 2023, Adriana LaGrange replaced Jason Copping as Minister of Health.

The annual budget as of March 31, 2023, was C$23,723,236.

The Edmonton, Alberta-headquartered Alberta Health Services (AHS), was established in 2008 as the "first province-wide, fully integrated health system" in Canada. AHS delivers medical care on behalf of the Government of Alberta's Ministry of Health. AHS serves 4.3 million Albertans and has a staff of 125,000 staff and 10,000 physicians.

The Department of Public Health was established on April 19, 1919 by the Department of Public Health Act, to replace the Public Health Branch of the Department of Municipal Affairs. In 1967, the name was changed to the Department of Health. In 1971, during the premiership of Progressive Conservative Peter Lougheed who served as the premier from 1971 to 1985, the Department of Health was dissolved by the Department of Health and Social Development Act, when the departments of Health and Social Development were merged to become the Department of Health and Social Development. In 1975, this department was renamed Social Services and Community Health. And from 1975 to 1988 a separate Department of Hospitals and Medical Care also existed, separate from community health. Between 1971 and 1988, the administration of most community health programs shifted to six regional offices.

In 1988, during the Progressive Conservative premiership of Don Getty, the Department of Health was re-established in 1988, with a merger of the Department of Community and Occupational Health and the Department of Hospitals and Medical Care. By 1988, the department no longer provided direct services; its role was to regulate, support, and supervise the "provision of services and programs through community-based organizations and board-governed institutions."

During the tenure of Progressive Conservative Premier Ralph Klein, who served from 1992 to 2006 Alberta's healthcare system was redesigned. With a focus on eliminating Alberta's deficit, deep cuts were made in provincial health representing health spending per capita declining from C$1,393 in 1992 to $1,156 in 1995. Under the 1994 Regional Health Authorities Act, 17 regional health authorities were created, replacing hundreds of local hospital boards, long-term care and public health services. At the same time, Klein established provincial health authorities for cancer, mental health and addiction services. Per capita spending on health was cut from CA $1,393 in 1992 to $1,156 in 1995. By 1994, the health department's responsibilities "were limited to overall healthcare policy, providing direction to the healthcare system and regional health authorities, and setting standards for service providers." The department was dissolved in 1999 and replaced by the Ministry of Health and Wellness. Health services in Alberta had undergone several governance reorganization under Premier Klein, which had resulted in fewer separate public organizational entities, in 1996, 2003, and 2006. The Ministry of Health and Wellness, which was established in 1999, replaced the Department of Health. Under Progressive Conservative Premier Ed Stelmach, who served from December 2006 to October 2011, major reforms to Alberta's health-care system were introduced.