The Ministry of Health (MOH) (Arabic: وزارة الصحة) is a governmental body in the Saudi Cabinet created to develop and implement health policy, monitor and regulate the health sector, and protect and enhance public health to drive the realization of the country's vision for a vibrant, healthy society that serves as the nation's foundation for economic prosperity.

The Ministry of Health (MOH) traces its origins to 1925, with the establishment of regional health departments, beginning in Mecca. As Saudi Arabia’s economy grew, the first national Ministry of Health was formed in 1950 under Minister Abdullah bin Faisal Al Saud. Over the decades, the MOH expanded healthcare infrastructure, building hospitals and clinics nationwide. Today, under Minister Fahad Al-Jalajel, the MOH continues to advance Saudi Arabia’s health sector, aligning with Vision 2030 to create a vibrant, healthy society in alignment with the nation's Quality of Life Program and social development aims.

In 1925, Saudi Arabia's first public health department was established in Mecca. The department was founded with the aim to increase the quality and access to healthcare in the country. In the first few decades of its existence, the Ministry focused on the development of hospitals and other healthcare infrastructure in Saudi Arabia. Additional regulation was also added with healthcare centers enforcing regulations to provide necessary standards for practicing medicine and pharmacology. A public health council was also established to address the growing need for healthcare services, and it was the highest-level supervisory board, overseeing all aspects of the country's healthcare services.

The various healthcare institutions were merged to become a ministerial body in 1950. Abdullah bin Faisal Al Saud was the first health minister and served in the position for three years with his main role to set up the newly formed ministry. He served in the position for three years. He was replaced by Rashad Pharaon who was the personal doctor of King Abdulaziz, and he served in the post between 1954 and 1960.

Following World War II, Saudi Arabia's oil production increased dramatically and many remote areas began to see an influx of workers to work in the oil industry. This meant that developing regions in the Kingdom required more healthcare infrastructure, which was subsequently provided. The initial management of this expansion in the early 1960s fell under the responsibility of Hassan bin Yousef Nassief and Hamid bin Mohammad Al Harsani, the third and fourth ministers of health. They each served a year in the position, from 1960 to 1962.

Later in the 1960s, the growth turned the country into a regional and global power. Following a number of conflicts in the 1960s and 1970s, Saudi Arabia's importance in the region grew. This continued rise in wealth meant that huge investments were made by the country's leaders, in order to improve the standard of living across the country. Health in the rural areas of the country became more accessible during this period, as communities that were once considered rural, were more integrated into society with the expansion of oil fields. This expansion required health facilities, which saw the first major rural expansion of medical care in the country's history. This was overseen by Dr. Yousef Bin Yaqoub Al Hairi and Shaikh Hassan bin Abdullah Aal Alshaikh, both of whom served as ministers of health in the mid to late 1960s.

Cities such as Riyadh and Jeddah saw their healthcare infrastructure grow substantially. The expansion of the city infrastructure was essential, with urbanization increasing in the country, with large corporations also moving their offices to the country with the growing economy. This early development was overseen by Dr. Jamil bin Ibrahim Al Hujailan and Dr. Abdulaziz bin Abdullah Al Khuwaiter, who served as ministers in the early 1970s. The economic expansion did not only lead to the development of hospitals for citizens but also care for the Kingdom's military. In the 1970s saw the construction of Riyadh Military Hospital and many other major infrastructure projects that led to more accessible healthcare. A number of years later saw the creation of King Khalid University Hospital was also completed. Dr. Hussain bin Abdulrazzaq Al Jazairy played a major role in the Kingdom's improved hospitals during his eight-year tenure between 1975 and 1983.

Towards the end of the 1990s, Dr. Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Hujailan retired as minister of health after twelve years. He remains the longest-serving minister of health in Saudi Arabia's history. Al Hujailan's role as health minister was complex due to the turbulent times. In the wake of the invasion of Kuwait and the Battle of Khafji, caring for wounded soldiers became an additional burden.