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Mishnah
The Mishnah or the Mishna (/ˈmɪʃnə/; Hebrew: מִשְׁנָה, romanized: mišnā, lit. 'study by repetition', from the verb לִשְׁנוֹת lišnot, "to repeat") is the first written collection of the Jewish oral traditions that are known as the Oral Torah. Having been collected in the 3rd century CE, it is the first work of rabbinic literature, written primarily in Mishnaic Hebrew but also partly in Jewish Aramaic. The oldest surviving physical fragments of it are from the 6th to 7th centuries. It is viewed as authoritative and binding revelation by most Orthodox Jews and some non-Orthodox Jews.
The Mishnah was redacted by Judah ha-Nasi probably in Beit Shearim or Sepphoris, in the late second or early third century CE. in a time when the persecution of Jews and the passage of time raised the possibility that the details of the oral traditions of the Pharisees from the Second Temple period (516 BCE – 70 CE) would be forgotten.
After the Mishnah was compiled, it became the subject of centuries of rabbinic commentary, primarily taking place in the Talmudic academies in Syria Palaestina (Palestine) and in Babylonia (Lower Mesopotamia). Both of these centers compiled their own collection of rabbinic commentaries on the Mishnah, leading to the creation of the Jerusalem Talmud and the now more well known Babylonian Talmud ("Talmud" alone refers to the latter).
Mishnah comes from the verb shanah, which means "to repeat", "to study", "to heed oral instruction", or "to teach".
The Mishnah is arranged by subject matter, and is divided into six "orders" (sedarim, singular seder סדר), each containing 7–12 tractates (masechtot, singular masechet מסכת; lit. "web"), 63 in total. Except for Zeraim, the orders are arranged from longest (in number of chapters) to shortest. According to tradition, the Mishnah was divided into six thematic sections by its author, Judah Ha-Nasi.
Each masechet is divided into chapters (perakim, singular perek) and then paragraphs (mishnayot, singular mishnah). In this last context, the word mishnah means a single paragraph of the work, i.e. the smallest unit of structure, leading to the use of the plural, "Mishnayot", for the whole work.
According to the Babylonian Talmud, Hagigah 14a:9, there were originally six to seven hundred orders of the Mishnah, with only six surviving to the present.
The Mishnah may also be called the Shas (an acronym for Shisha Sedarim – the "six orders"), a term that more often denotes the entire Talmud.
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Mishnah
The Mishnah or the Mishna (/ˈmɪʃnə/; Hebrew: מִשְׁנָה, romanized: mišnā, lit. 'study by repetition', from the verb לִשְׁנוֹת lišnot, "to repeat") is the first written collection of the Jewish oral traditions that are known as the Oral Torah. Having been collected in the 3rd century CE, it is the first work of rabbinic literature, written primarily in Mishnaic Hebrew but also partly in Jewish Aramaic. The oldest surviving physical fragments of it are from the 6th to 7th centuries. It is viewed as authoritative and binding revelation by most Orthodox Jews and some non-Orthodox Jews.
The Mishnah was redacted by Judah ha-Nasi probably in Beit Shearim or Sepphoris, in the late second or early third century CE. in a time when the persecution of Jews and the passage of time raised the possibility that the details of the oral traditions of the Pharisees from the Second Temple period (516 BCE – 70 CE) would be forgotten.
After the Mishnah was compiled, it became the subject of centuries of rabbinic commentary, primarily taking place in the Talmudic academies in Syria Palaestina (Palestine) and in Babylonia (Lower Mesopotamia). Both of these centers compiled their own collection of rabbinic commentaries on the Mishnah, leading to the creation of the Jerusalem Talmud and the now more well known Babylonian Talmud ("Talmud" alone refers to the latter).
Mishnah comes from the verb shanah, which means "to repeat", "to study", "to heed oral instruction", or "to teach".
The Mishnah is arranged by subject matter, and is divided into six "orders" (sedarim, singular seder סדר), each containing 7–12 tractates (masechtot, singular masechet מסכת; lit. "web"), 63 in total. Except for Zeraim, the orders are arranged from longest (in number of chapters) to shortest. According to tradition, the Mishnah was divided into six thematic sections by its author, Judah Ha-Nasi.
Each masechet is divided into chapters (perakim, singular perek) and then paragraphs (mishnayot, singular mishnah). In this last context, the word mishnah means a single paragraph of the work, i.e. the smallest unit of structure, leading to the use of the plural, "Mishnayot", for the whole work.
According to the Babylonian Talmud, Hagigah 14a:9, there were originally six to seven hundred orders of the Mishnah, with only six surviving to the present.
The Mishnah may also be called the Shas (an acronym for Shisha Sedarim – the "six orders"), a term that more often denotes the entire Talmud.
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