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Mounds State Park
Mounds State Park
Mounds State Park
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Mounds State Park is a state park near Anderson, Indiana featuring Native American heritage, and ten ceremonial mounds built by the prehistoric Adena culture indigenous peoples of eastern North America, and also used centuries later by Hopewell culture inhabitants. It is separate from (and about 79 miles northwest of) the similarly named Mounds State Recreation Area (near Brookville, Indiana). The park receives about 400,000 visitors annually.[2]

Key Information

The park is 1 of 14 Indiana State Parks that were in the path of totality for the 2024 solar eclipse, with the park having 3 minutes and 45 seconds of totality.[3]

Earthworks

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The term earthworks includes any structure made from the earth. In Native American studies, there are three primary types: mounds, circular enclosures, and complexes. All are found in Central Indiana and in the state park.[4] Mounds State Park has a complex of enclosures, both circular and rectangular. There are seven enclosures and four additional earthworks, which have been divided into two groups, the northern complex and the southern complex. The Great Mound enclosure is the dominant structure in the park and the southern group.[4]

Mounds

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Circular mound at Mounds State Park, Anderson

These earthworks were created as a dedication to the Sun God and Earth Mother. The mounds were used as gathering places for religious ceremonies as well as viewing astronomical alignments.[citation needed]

When working at the Anderson mounds, archeologists learned that the maps used since the late 1800s were inaccurate. Research showed that the earthworks had been misrepresented in the map. This issue is significant since it affects the context of the site. Archaeological surveys of the park have shown that people have used the land for about 10,000 years, beginning as early as 8000 B.C. and continuing through about 1400 AD.[citation needed]

There are believed to be 8 circular earthworks in the park, but only 4 are visible today. This area was used for rituals and has been targeted by looters in the past, who caused significant damage to the artifacts and their stratigraphy. Estimates by radiocarbon dating suggest the rituals began around 250 B.C. Another feature of this site is the fiddle-back enclosure. Although there has been no evidence of astronomical activities here, it marks the spot where the sun sets on the summer solstice.[5]

Great Mound

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The Great Mound
Ditch surrounding the Great Mound.

The Great Mound is the largest of the ten earthworks in the Mounds State Park. The Great Mound is approximately 390 feet (120 m) across and consists of a circular outer embankment 9 feet (2.7 m) high and 63 feet (19 m) wide, surrounding a 60 feet (18 m) wide ditch that is 10.5 feet (3.2 m) deep. The central platform, 138 feet (42 m) is diameter with a central mound, 4 feet (1.2 m) high and 30 metres (98 ft) in diameter.[4] The central mound was excavated in 1968/69 and found to have three clay layers, each with ashes, showing a succession of use periods.[4][6]

The complex has been dated to 160 BCE through 50 CE These dates are obtained through radiocarbon dating and some artifacts.[4] A nearby log tomb was found with a platform pipe typical of Hopewell styles from 50 C.E. Post hole remnants were dated to 60 BCE and 230 CE. Radiocarbon dates from excavated material of the Great Mound established 160 BCE +/- 90 for the embankment. The neighboring ‘Fiddleback Mound was dated to 120 BCE +/- 70.[4]

The three floors of the Great Mound were created by a repeated process that included adding a layer of subsoil, burning the ground, then covering the floor in a layer of powdered white calcite, made from bone, shell, and limestone. This gave the floor a clay consistency as well as deep purple color. Each floor had basins and pits of unknown purposes. Near the gateway of the mound platform, a large pit was found containing various artifacts. These artifacts included chipped stone, flakes, burned bone, a fragment of shell, fragments of mica, and burned clay chunks. Built above this pit was a log tomb, called so because the floor of the tomb was laid with logs. When excavated, two human burials were found inside the tomb; a 50-year-old adult male, and the redeposited partial remains of a cremated individual. Also, artifacts such as a limestone platform pipe, flakes, fire-cracked rocks, mica fragments, pottery, burned and unburned bone, and seven deer bone awls were found in the tomb.[citation needed]

A hundred years after the mound was started, the construction of the Great Mound's platform was started. Although the embankment appears random and irregular, it was carefully crafted.[citation needed]

The only other aboriginal features on the platform were numerous small post holes encircling the top. These holes most likely held a brush fence erected to hide sacred activities carried out on the platform. After the mound was completed, several more pits were dug, some of them spanning from the surface to the lowest floor. One pit was possibly looted, while two other pits contained human burials. No other artifacts were found in these pits.[7][8]

History

[edit]
The late 19th century Bronnenberg House, built by one of the area's early residents and landowner of the mounds

In 1900, a series of strange misshapen skeletons were unearthed from similar mounds in nearby Alexandria, Indiana. This brought thousands of tourists from around the Midwest. In 1910, several locals admitted to stealing chimpanzee skeletons from the nearby Muncie Zoo's monkey house. In 1915 the skeletons were sold to a local museum which burned down in 1919.[9]

What is now Mounds State Park was the location of an amusement park that operated from 1897 until 1929. While the amusement park exploited the native-made mounds, it also helped to protect them by making them a point of regional pride and a destination; otherwise they might have been plundered or otherwise destroyed. When the Great Depression hit, the property was sold to the Madison County Historical Society, which transferred ownership to the State of Indiana, after which it became Mounds State Park.[10]

Canoeing is also available in Mounds State Park on the White River.

See also

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References

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Mounds State Park

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from Grokipedia
Mounds State Park is a located in , renowned for preserving ten prehistoric earthworks constructed by the Adena-Hopewell peoples starting around 250 B.C. and used for ceremonial purposes for about 500 years. Covering about 290 acres along the White River, the park features ceremonial structures including the prominent Great Mound, a large circular earthwork enclosure aligned with solstices and equinoxes, as well as the Fiddleback and Circle Mounds. Established in 1930 after the land was donated to the state following the closure of an early 20th-century , Mounds State Park was listed on the in 1973 for its archaeological significance. The earthworks, built for religious and astronomical purposes, represent some of the finest examples of mound-building in and provide insight into the ancient cultures that inhabited the region for over 2,000 years. Visitors to the park can explore more than six miles of hiking trails ranging from easy interpretive paths to rugged routes through wooded areas and riverbanks, with opportunities for birdwatching as part of the Indiana Birding Trail. Facilities include a nature center offering interactive exhibits, live animal displays, and guided programs; modern campgrounds with electrical hookups; a seasonal ; shelters; and access along the White River. The park also participates in the Indiana State Nature Passport program, encouraging educational exploration of its natural and cultural heritage.

Overview

Location and Size

Mounds State Park is situated in , approximately four miles east of Anderson, at coordinates 40°5′45″N 85°37′12″W. The park is accessible via Exit 226 off , facilitating convenient travel from central locations. Encompassing 290 acres, the park's boundaries include a portion along the White River to the south, which forms a natural edge to the property. This size positions it as a compact yet significant preserved area amid nearby urban development in Anderson, a city with a population exceeding 55,000. The park's location placed it directly in the path of totality for the April 8, 2024, total , with totality lasting about 3 minutes and 45 seconds.

Establishment and Visitation

The land comprising Mounds State Park originated as owned by the Bronnenberg family in the before being sold to the Union Traction Company, which operated an there during the 1920s. In the early , preservation efforts began when the Madison County Historical Society raised funds starting in 1926 to acquire the 384-acre site from the financially strained amusement park operator amid the looming . The society purchased the property in 1929 and promptly transferred it to the Department of Conservation (predecessor to the Department of Natural Resources) to ensure its protection as a public site. Mounds State Park was officially established on , 1930, marking its transition from private amusement grounds to a state-managed preservation area focused on its prehistoric earthworks. This dedication occurred during the , with remnants of the former railway and amusement facilities still visible at the time. The park attracts approximately 530,000 visitors annually as of the 2023–2024 fiscal year, with 529,142 visits recorded. Visitation has grown steadily, reflecting its appeal as a site for cultural and natural history exploration near urban centers like .

Geography and Environment

Terrain and Geology

Mounds State Park occupies the , a in central shaped by Pleistocene glaciation, particularly the Huron lobe of the Wisconsinan stage. Over 10,000 years ago, advancing glacial ice deposited thick layers of unconsolidated —comprising clay, silt, sand, and gravel—overlying bedrock of , dolomite, and , resulting in the region's characteristic flat to gently rolling . This glacial , varying from 1 to over in thickness, buried pre-existing landscapes and created broad, featureless plains interrupted by minor undulations and stream-carved valleys. The flat terrain provided a stable platform that enabled prehistoric in the region. Soils within the park derive primarily from these glacial deposits and consist mainly of clay loams and silty loams, including the , Crosby, and Brookston series, with subsoil layers exhibiting high clay content and plasticity up to 45 feet deep. These soils overlie the bedrock, fostering alkaline conditions in and supporting mesic upland terrains as well as wetland fens characterized by deep fibric accumulations exceeding 2 meters thick and () deposits. The clay-rich composition contributes to soil stability in the gently undulating landscape. The White River borders the park's eastern edge, originating from glacial that carved bluffs through the till plains and influences ongoing and . features seeps discharging mineral-rich water through gravelly glacial layers into the limestone bedrock, maintaining wet conditions in via throughflow from shallow aquifers in the overlying Trafalgar Formation. These processes sustain site stability while promoting localized hydrological features like slope wetlands with water levels fluctuating seasonally by about 25 cm.

Flora and Fauna

Mounds State Park boasts a high floristic quality, with a documented inventory of 584 total vascular plant species, of which 478 (82%) are native and 106 (18%) are adventive. This diversity is underscored by a Floristic Quality Index (FQI) of 96.2 for native species, indicating regionally paramount ecological significance and minimal disturbance in certain areas. The park's minimally disturbed woods support abundant spring wildflowers, such as large-flowered trillium (Trillium grandiflorum) and Dutchman's breeches (Dicentra cucullaria), which thrive in the shaded understory. The predominant ecosystems consist of mesic upland forests, characterized by a canopy of oaks (e.g., Shumard oak, ) and hickories (e.g., shagbark hickory, ), alongside understory ferns like Christmas fern () and ebony spleenwort (Asplenium platyneuron). These forests transition into floodplain woods and wet sedge meadows along the White River, featuring species such as blazing star () and goldenrod ( spp.), contributing to the park's overall . The 38-species fen, designated as a state nature preserve since 1980, further enhances this ecological richness with wetland-adapted natives like swamp milkweed (). The park's fauna reflects its diverse habitats, supporting native reptiles and amphibians such as salamanders and frogs that inhabit the moist ravines and river edges. opportunities abound, with over 100 species recorded, including seasonal migrants like scarlet tanagers (Piranga olivacea) and black-throated blue warblers (Setophaga caerulescens), as well as resident woodpeckers such as the (Dryocopus pileatus). Along the White River, waterfowl like geese and frequent the riverbanks and streams, alongside belted (Megaceryle alcyon) and occasional bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). The presence of rare species, including the state special concern (Condylura cristata) and dragonflies like the gray petaltail (Tachopteryx thoreyi), highlights the park's high conservation value, particularly within the protected fen ecosystem. The nature center includes exhibits on local to educate visitors about these species.

History

Prehistoric Construction

The earthworks at Mounds State Park were primarily constructed by peoples of the Adena culture around 160 BCE, as evidenced by radiocarbon dating from excavations of the site's embankment features. Subsequent use and modifications occurred during the Hopewell tradition, extending until approximately 50 CE, based on calibrated radiocarbon assays from associated structures and artifacts like platform pipes and incised pottery. These constructions served as ceremonial centers and sites, incorporating elements such as log , cremations, and post structures for enclosures, reflecting broader mortuary and gathering practices. The park's features represent a key component of regional mound-building traditions in east-central , where historic records document over 300 such earthworks originally present, though most have been lost to and development. Materials used included layered earth and for the primary mounds, supplemented by wood for enclosures indicated by post molds and burned clay inclusions in construction layers. Some enclosures show evidence of astronomical alignments, such as orientations toward solstice sunsets and sunrises, underscoring the builders' cosmological knowledge.

Post-Contact Developments

European American settlers began recognizing the significance of the Anderson Mounds in the mid-19th century, with the Bronnenberg family acquiring the land in 1849 and protecting the southern enclosures from agricultural cultivation for decades. Early interest grew among settlers and local antiquarians, who noted the earthworks' unusual features, including springs and caves associated with the site. Limited excavations commenced in the , revealing artifacts such as flint flakes, fire-cracked rock, and pottery sherds, which highlighted the mounds' prehistoric ceremonial purpose and sparked initial archaeological curiosity. In 1897, the Union Traction Company leased approximately 40 acres of the Bronnenberg farm to develop , transforming the area into a popular recreational destination that operated until 1929. The park featured rides, a , a natatorium, and other attractions constructed around the earthworks, which drew visitors but caused incidental damage to some mounds through foot traffic, landscaping, and infrastructure placement. Despite the commercial use, the site's Native American heritage began attracting broader attention during this period, as public fascination with indigenous history increased amid national preservation movements. The amusement park's closure during the led to its sale in 1929 to the Madison County , which acquired the property specifically for protection and preservation of the earthworks amid rising interest in Native American heritage. The society promptly transferred ownership to the Department of Conservation, paving the way for the site's establishment as a in 1930.

State Park Era

Mounds State Park was officially designated as an in 1930, following the donation of the land by the Madison County Historical Society to the state for the explicit purpose of preserving its prehistoric earthworks and archaeological features. This establishment marked a shift toward formal state management, emphasizing the protection of the Adena-Hopewell mounds from further commercial exploitation after decades of private ownership and use. Initial efforts focused on securing the site to prevent and , allowing for controlled public access while maintaining the integrity of the ceremonial structures. In the decades following , the park benefited from enhancements to its visitor infrastructure, including the expansion of hiking trails that provide safe access to the earthworks and surrounding natural areas. These developments, combined with the addition of interpretive signage and basic facilities, aimed to educate visitors about the site's cultural value without compromising its preservation. The park's significance was further affirmed in 1973 when it was listed on the , acknowledging the exceptional preservation of its prehistoric features and their role in understanding ancient Native American practices. Ongoing preservation at Mounds State Park remains closely linked to the protection of its earthworks, ensuring their through regular monitoring and minimal-impact . In recent years, the site has gained renewed prominence; for instance, preparations for the total on April 8, 2024, included special viewing programs and events at the park, attracting thousands and highlighting its astronomical heritage tied to the mounds' alignments. These contemporary initiatives have boosted visitation while reinforcing the park's role in public and cultural .

Earthworks

Cultural and Astronomical Significance

The earthworks at Mounds State Park served as central ceremonial sites for the Adena-Hopewell peoples, facilitating religious rituals, burials, and communal gatherings that underscored their spiritual and social practices. These structures, including enclosures and mounds, defined sacred spaces where communities conducted mortuary rites, such as cremations and reburials in log tombs, often accompanied by ritual deposits like platform pipes and bone awls. Evidence from excavations reveals layers of burned clay and , suggesting ceremonies involving fire and purification, which connected participants to ancestral spirits and the . confirms these activities spanned from approximately 250 BCE to 50 CE, aligning with the Adena-Hopewell continuum. Astronomical alignments integrated into the earthworks' designs highlight the Adena-Hopewell's sophisticated understanding of celestial cycles, likely aiding in ritual timing and seasonal observances. For instance, the Great Mound's embankment aligns with the sunset, while connections to the Fiddleback enclosure mark the sunset, facilitating observations of these events. The Circle Mound further orients toward sunrises and solstices, with post placements corresponding to star risings like those of the and , symbolizing a broader cosmological framework. These features enabled the synchronization of ceremonies with natural rhythms, reinforcing cultural beliefs in the interplay between earth and sky. Within the broader context of Midwestern mound-building cultures, the 10 preserved earthworks at Mounds State Park represent rare intact examples of Adena-Hopewell sacred landscapes, preserving a regional network that spanned east central Indiana. Unlike many sites altered by modern development, these structures remain relatively pristine, offering insights into the Woodland Period's trade networks, social hierarchies, and spiritual traditions that linked communities across the Ohio Valley. This preservation underscores their role as enduring symbols of indigenous ingenuity and cultural continuity in the Midwest.

Great Mound

The Great Mound, the largest earthwork at Mounds State Park, is a circular constructed by prehistoric of the Adena-Hopewell tradition around 160 BCE. This structure features an embankment averaging approximately 9 feet in height, forming a near-perfect circle with a diameter of over 350 feet and an interior ditch roughly 60 feet wide. The enclosure once enclosed a central platform area used for ritual activities, including layered clay floors and post structures indicative of ceremonial gatherings. Construction involved multiple phases, beginning with initial platform building around 250 BCE and culminating in the embankment and ditch by 160 BCE, followed by later additions such as a log tomb around 50 CE containing burials and artifacts like copper breastplates. Archaeological investigations, including limited excavations in 1968 and 1969 focused on the interior platform, have revealed evidence of burned clay surfaces capped with and post holes suggesting structured use, but the overall enclosure has undergone minimal disturbance to preserve its original form. These efforts uncovered no defensive features, reinforcing its role as a rather than a . Today, the Great Mound remains in excellent condition, with its embankment softened by natural erosion but retaining a consistent profile, protected within the boundaries since 1934. Interpretive signage and programs at the site, offered through the park's nature center, highlight the mound's central role in prehistoric ceremonies, including brief references to its possible alignment for observing celestial events. Visitors can access the feature via dedicated trails, emphasizing its significance as a well-preserved example of earthworks.

Other Structures

In addition to the Great Mound, Mounds State Park preserves a diverse array of nine other earthworks constructed by Adena-Hopewell peoples, including seven enclosures of circular and rectangular forms and four additional features such as smaller mounds. These structures, collectively totaling ten earthworks in the park, date primarily from approximately 160 BCE to 50 CE, reflecting a concentrated period of ceremonial construction in the White River valley. The enclosures exhibit varied shapes, with some featuring embankments and ditches that suggest pathways or gathering spaces similar in purpose to the Great Mound. The Fiddleback Enclosure, a distinctive panduriform (fiddle-shaped) structure blending circular and subrectangular elements, measures about 215 feet long and 165 feet wide at its broadest, with a narrowed waist of 140 feet; it includes two small platform mounds and a deposit containing burned human and animal bones, fragments, and lithic tools, dated to around 120 BCE via radiocarbon analysis. The Circle Mound, a subrectangular oriented east-west with rounded corners, spans 285 feet by 225 feet and features a 4-to-6-foot-high embankment; its construction occurred in stages, with the embankment built around 5 BCE and two small gateway mounds added circa 70 CE. Other notable enclosures include Earthwork B, a circular feature 85 feet in diameter with two gateways and a surrounding ditch; Earthwork D, a near-circular 100 feet across potentially aligned with the ; and rectangular forms like Earthwork G (100 by 50 feet) and the partially destroyed Earthwork F (190 by 170 feet). The four additional earthworks encompass smaller , such as the Dalman , an isolated circular feature 30 feet in diameter and 3 feet high, and remnants near Mounds Bluff, though some remain undated due to limited excavation. These structures highlight the site's architectural diversity, with geometric precision indicating communal labor and symbolic intent. Preservation of these earthworks has faced significant challenges from historical development, including road construction, agricultural plowing, campground expansion, and even an early 20th-century amusement park that damaged features like Earthwork F. Erosion from trails and vegetation has softened profiles, while some enclosures (e.g., C, I, and K) are now lost or unverified, though geophysical surveys and mapping continue to aid ongoing monitoring and documentation efforts by the Department of Natural Resources.

Recreation and Facilities

Visitor Activities

Mounds State Park offers over six miles of trails suitable for a variety of skill levels, allowing visitors to explore the park's prehistoric earthworks, forested areas, and riverfront. Trail 5, the longest at 2.5 miles and rated moderate, skirts the park boundary along the White River, providing opportunities for bird watching amid wildflowers and bluffs. Other trails, such as the easy 1-mile Trail 1 that highlights the Great Mound and marked native trees, or the rugged 0.5-mile Trail 2 leading to river access, offer diverse paths for observation of and natural features. A seasonal swimming pool is available from to , with an additional entry fee of $3 per person. is a popular activity along the White River, where anglers can target species including bass, , and , though a valid fishing is required. Non-motorized boating, such as canoeing or , is accessible via a dedicated launch point on the river, enabling visitors to paddle through scenic stretches while observing waterfowl. The park provides guided tours and interpretive programs led by naturalists every weekend year-round, focusing on Native American history, the cultural significance of the earthworks, and local . These sessions, available through the , include hikes and talks that enhance understanding of the site's prehistoric and . The nature center supports these efforts with brief programs on and interactive exhibits.

Amenities and Access

Mounds State Park provides a range of visitor amenities to support comfortable and informative experiences amid its natural and historical features. The Nature Center, serving as the primary interpretive facility, operates daily from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., though it closes on Sundays from through to align with reduced winter visitation. Inside, visitors can explore a wildlife viewing room, animal displays including native reptiles and amphibians, and interactive games designed to educate on local . Picnic shelters are available for visitors to enjoy meals in the park. The park's campground accommodates up to 72 sites, offering options for tents, RVs, and primitive , with modern conveniences including a bathhouse equipped with showers and restrooms, a camp store for supplies, and a for group gatherings. A small launch on the White River facilitates non-motorized access for and paddling, enhancing water-based recreation opportunities. is available year-round, though full services such as water hookups operate from mid-March to early November, with limited facilities during off-season months. Access to the park is straightforward, with daily entrance fees of $7 per vehicle for Indiana residents and $9 for out-of-state visitors, covering the driver and all passengers; annual passes are available for frequent users at $50 for residents and $70 for non-residents. The park remains open year-round from 7 a.m. to 11 p.m., except for quiet hours from 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. reserved for campers, ensuring broad while managing operations seasonally. Accessibility features include paved paths and ADA-compliant boardwalks to key sites like the Great Mound, along with designated accessible parking and restroom facilities throughout the grounds.

References

  1. https://www.in.gov/dnr/state-parks/parks-lakes/mounds-state-park/
  2. https://www.visitindiana.com/blog/post/mounds-state-park/
  3. https://indianabirdingtrail.com/pages/mounds-state-recreation-area-birding-opportunities
  4. https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=1226
  5. https://indianamemory.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16066coll90/id/3950/
  6. https://discoverindianahistory.org/items/show/182
  7. https://www.in.gov/dnr/state-parks/files/mounds_trail.pdf
  8. https://www.in.gov/dnr/state-parks/parks-lakes/mounds-state-park/nature-center-and-events/
  9. https://indianastateparks.reserveamerica.com/camping/mounds-state-park/r/campgroundDetails.do?contractCode=IN&parkId=570027
  10. https://www.in.gov/dnr/state-parks/files/sp-Mounds_State_Park_IMP_2011.pdf
  11. https://www.in.gov/dnr/places-to-go/events/2024-solar-eclipse/eclipse-viewing-times/
  12. https://www.heraldbulletin.com/community/in-history-carnival-rides-at-mounds-state-park/article_a83dae64-2b76-5e23-8397-825cf06d6ff4.html
  13. https://friendsofmounds.org/about-the-park
  14. https://www.in.gov/dnr/state-parks/files/sp-2023-24-annual-visits.pdf
  15. https://www.in.gov/dnr/state-parks/files/sp-2022-23-annual-visits.pdf
  16. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2845&context=jtrp
  17. https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/bitstream/handle/1805/791/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20TITLE%20PAGES.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  18. https://journals.indianapolis.iu.edu/index.php/ias/article/download/21016/20434/29349
  19. https://www.bsu.edu/-/media/www/departmentalcontent/aal/aalpdfs/roi-51-75/roi-73-public.pdf
  20. https://www.in.gov/dnr/historic-preservation/files/hp-2019-Archaeology-Journal-Vol-14-No-1.pdf
  21. https://www.bsu.edu/-/media/www/departmentalcontent/aal/aalpdfs/roi-51-75/roi-61.pdf
  22. https://www.in.gov/dnr/state-parks/files/sp-bronnenberg_house_quick_history.pdf
  23. https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=encountering_hopewell
  24. https://www.bsu.edu/academics/centersandinstitutes/applied-anthropology-laboratories/publications/61andersonmoundsarch
  25. https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/791fcb09-c9f7-4129-9c34-9969fd40b1a5
  26. https://events.in.gov/event/curious_about_the_eclipse_mounds_state_park
  27. https://www.ballstatedailynews.com/article/news-indiana-cities-experience-total-solar-eclipse-top-stories-20240408
  28. https://www.in.gov/dnr/state-parks/cultural-resources-and-history/indiana-woodland-culture/
  29. https://journals.indianapolis.iu.edu/index.php/ias/article/download/7073/7128/13244
  30. https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g29311-d2393841-Reviews-Mounds_State_Park-Anderson_Indiana.html
  31. https://www.wishtv.com/lifestyle/lifestylelive/mound-state-park-ancient-history/
  32. https://www.in.gov/dnr/files/indiana-recreation-guide-2025.pdf
  33. https://www.in.gov/dnr/state-parks/rates-and-fees/entrance-fees/
  34. https://www.in.gov/dnr/places-to-go/accessibility/trails/
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