The Naucrary and Naucraria (Ancient Greek: ναυκραρία, romanized: naukraria) was a subdivision of the people of Attica, among the most ancient in the Athenian state. Each was led by an official called a naucrarus (Ancient Greek: ναύκραρος, romanized: naukraros). All sources for the institution date from after it had ceased to be particularly important and thus the nature of the naucraries is highly disputed in modern scholarship. They seem to have played a role in fiscal management and naval organisation.

The word is derived either from naus (ναῦς "a ship") and describes the duty imposed upon each naucrary, of providing one ship and two (or, more probably, ten) horsemen; or from naio (ναίω "I dwell"), in which case it has to do with a householder census. The former is generally accepted since the naucraries were certainly the units on which the Athenian fleet was based.

The institution was most important in the Archaic period, when they seem to have been key magistrates of local administration. Three ancient sources offer explicit definitions of the naucrary. The second-century BC grammarian, Ammonius of Alexandria states:

naukraroi: those exacting money from the public landholdings, and naukraria: the regions in which the (public) landholdings are located.

— Ammonius of Alexandria

In the ninth-century AD, Lexicon of Photius, the naucrari are defined as

naukraroi: The ancient Athenian term for the modern demarchs. They rented out public (property)

— Photius Lexicon