New York City
New York City
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Geographical and Environmental Changes

This timeline focuses on the geographical and environmental changes that have shaped New York City over the centuries.
Natural Formation
Pre-Colonial Era
The New York City area was shaped by the Wisconsin glaciation, which left bedrock at a relatively shallow depth and created the separation of Long Island and Staten Island.
Land Reclamation
17th-19th Centuries
Significant land reclamation projects were undertaken along the waterfronts, especially in Lower Manhattan.
Urban Development
20th Century
The city's land was altered substantially by human intervention, including the development of Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s.
Environmental Concerns
Present Day
New York City continues to address environmental challenges such as urban congestion, water management, and climate change.