November 27

November 27 is the 331st day of the year (332nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 34 days remaining until the end of the year.^[1]
This date features several consequential events in history, such as Pope Urban II's proclamation of the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont in 1095, which mobilized European forces for the recovery of Jerusalem from Muslim control.^[2] In 1895, Alfred Nobel executed his last will and testament in Paris, directing the bulk of his estate to fund annual prizes for advancements in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and efforts toward peace.^[3]
Notable individuals born on November 27 include the Chinese-American martial artist and actor Bruce Lee in 1940, whose innovations in jeet kune do and film roles popularized Eastern combat techniques in Western culture,^[4] and the American guitarist Jimi Hendrix in 1942, renowned for pioneering electric guitar effects and performances that reshaped rock music.^[5] When falling on the fourth Thursday of the month, it aligns with Thanksgiving in the United States, including the inaugural Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade on November 27, 1924, which evolved into an annual spectacle drawing millions.^[6]

Events

Pre-1600

In 25 AD, Emperor Guangwu of Han formally declared Luoyang the capital of the Eastern Han dynasty, marking a shift from the preceding Western Han's capital at Chang'an and establishing Luoyang as a central political hub for centuries thereafter.^[7] On November 27, 176 AD, Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius elevated his son Commodus, then aged 15, to the rank of Imperator, designating him supreme commander of the Roman legions and effectively marking the beginning of Commodus's co-rule, which some historians view as the onset of Commodus's imperial authority despite Marcus's continued reign until 180 AD.^[8][9] During the Council of Clermont, convened by Pope Urban II from November 18 to 28, 1095, the pope delivered a pivotal sermon on November 27 urging Western European Christians to undertake an armed pilgrimage to recapture Jerusalem from Muslim control, thereby launching the First Crusade; this address, attended by clerics, nobles, and laypeople, emphasized religious zeal, promises of indulgence, and martial aid to the Byzantine Empire against Seljuk incursions, mobilizing tens of thousands in response.^[10][11]

1601–1900

On November 27, 1703, the Great Storm—a cyclone of unprecedented force that had ravaged southern England since November 24—dissipated after causing over 8,000 deaths, wrecking more than 1,000 ships, and destroying landmarks such as the first Eddystone Lighthouse off Plymouth.^[12] The Portuguese royal family, court officials, and approximately 15,000 others embarked on a fleet of ships in Lisbon harbor on November 27, 1807, amid final preparations to evade Napoleon's invading army; the convoy departed two days later under British naval escort, transferring the Portuguese monarchy to Brazil and elevating Rio de Janeiro to the status of imperial capital.^[13] During the March to the Sea in the American Civil War, Union troops under Major General William T. Sherman burned Sandersville's courthouse in Georgia on the morning of November 27, 1864, after a brief skirmish with Confederate cavalry the previous day; the Left Wing of Sherman's army (14th and 20th Corps) then advanced toward Louisville while foraging and destroying infrastructure.^[14] On November 27, 1868, elements of the 7th U.S. Cavalry under Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer conducted a pre-dawn surprise attack on a Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho encampment along the Washita River in Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma), killing Chief Black Kettle, his wife, and an estimated 50–150 Native Americans, including noncombatants, while capturing 53 women and children and seizing over 800 horses; Custer reported it as a decisive victory against a village of about 200 lodges, though the action's characterization as a battle or massacre remains disputed due to the disproportionate casualties and the band's prior peace overtures to U.S. authorities.^[15][16] Swedish chemist and inventor Alfred Bernhard Nobel signed his final will on November 27, 1895, in Paris, bequeathing the bulk of his estate—approximately 31 million Swedish kronor—to fund annual prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace, administered by institutions in Sweden and Norway; the document, drafted after Nobel's distress over being misidentified as a "merchant of death" in an obituary, was executed without family input and initially contested in probate.^[17][18]

1901–present

1901: The United States Army War College was established in Washington, D.C., to advance military education and strategic planning for senior officers.^[19] Gerhart Hauptmann's play Der rote Hahn premiered in Berlin, addressing themes of social unrest.^[19] 1910: Pennsylvania Station opened in New York City as the world's largest railway terminal at the time, facilitating expanded rail travel amid rapid urbanization.^[19] 1924: The first Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade was held in New York City, initially featuring animal balloons from the Central Park Zoo and evolving into a major annual event.^[19][20] 1934: Notorious bank robber George "Baby Face" Nelson died during a shootout with FBI agents in Barrington, Illinois, marking a key victory in federal efforts against organized crime during the Great Depression.^[19] 1942: The French navy scuttled its fleet of 73 ships at Toulon to prevent capture by German forces during World War II, denying the Axis a significant naval asset amid the Vichy regime's collapse.^[19][20] 1957: The U.S. Army withdrew its troops from Little Rock, Arkansas, following federal enforcement of racial integration at Central High School, a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement after President Eisenhower's intervention.^[19] 1973: The U.S. Senate voted 92-3 to confirm Gerald R. Ford as Vice President under the 25th Amendment, succeeding Spiro Agnew amid the Watergate scandal.^[20] 1978: San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and city supervisor Harvey Milk, a prominent advocate for homosexual rights, were assassinated by former supervisor [Dan White](/page/Dan White), who was later convicted of voluntary manslaughter in a trial criticized for its leniency.^[19][20] 1989: Avianca Flight 203 exploded shortly after takeoff from Bogotá, Colombia, killing all 107 aboard and 3 on the ground; authorities attributed the bombing to Medellín Cartel leader Pablo Escobar in retaliation for government extradition policies.^[19] 1999: Helen Clark was sworn in as New Zealand's 36th Prime Minister, becoming the first woman elected to the office in a general election.^[19] 2005: The world's first successful partial face transplant was performed on Isabelle Dinoire in Amiens, France, by surgeon Bernard Devauchelle, advancing reconstructive surgery for severe facial trauma.^[21] 2017: Prince Harry announced his engagement to American actress Meghan Markle, signaling a shift toward modernizing the British monarchy's public image.^[19]

Births

Pre-1600

In 25 AD, Emperor Guangwu of Han formally declared Luoyang the capital of the Eastern Han dynasty, marking a shift from the preceding Western Han's capital at Chang'an and establishing Luoyang as a central political hub for centuries thereafter.^[7] On November 27, 176 AD, Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius elevated his son Commodus, then aged 15, to the rank of Imperator, designating him supreme commander of the Roman legions and effectively marking the beginning of Commodus's co-rule, which some historians view as the onset of Commodus's imperial authority despite Marcus's continued reign until 180 AD.^[8][9] During the Council of Clermont, convened by Pope Urban II from November 18 to 28, 1095, the pope delivered a pivotal sermon on November 27 urging Western European Christians to undertake an armed pilgrimage to recapture Jerusalem from Muslim control, thereby launching the First Crusade; this address, attended by clerics, nobles, and laypeople, emphasized religious zeal, promises of indulgence, and martial aid to the Byzantine Empire against Seljuk incursions, mobilizing tens of thousands in response.^[10][11]

1601–1900

On November 27, 1703, the Great Storm—a cyclone of unprecedented force that had ravaged southern England since November 24—dissipated after causing over 8,000 deaths, wrecking more than 1,000 ships, and destroying landmarks such as the first Eddystone Lighthouse off Plymouth.^[12] The Portuguese royal family, court officials, and approximately 15,000 others embarked on a fleet of ships in Lisbon harbor on November 27, 1807, amid final preparations to evade Napoleon's invading army; the convoy departed two days later under British naval escort, transferring the Portuguese monarchy to Brazil and elevating Rio de Janeiro to the status of imperial capital.^[13] During the March to the Sea in the American Civil War, Union troops under Major General William T. Sherman burned Sandersville's courthouse in Georgia on the morning of November 27, 1864, after a brief skirmish with Confederate cavalry the previous day; the Left Wing of Sherman's army (14th and 20th Corps) then advanced toward Louisville while foraging and destroying infrastructure.^[14] On November 27, 1868, elements of the 7th U.S. Cavalry under Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer conducted a pre-dawn surprise attack on a Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho encampment along the Washita River in Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma), killing Chief Black Kettle, his wife, and an estimated 50–150 Native Americans, including noncombatants, while capturing 53 women and children and seizing over 800 horses; Custer reported it as a decisive victory against a village of about 200 lodges, though the action's characterization as a battle or massacre remains disputed due to the disproportionate casualties and the band's prior peace overtures to U.S. authorities.^[15][16] Swedish chemist and inventor Alfred Bernhard Nobel signed his final will on November 27, 1895, in Paris, bequeathing the bulk of his estate—approximately 31 million Swedish kronor—to fund annual prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace, administered by institutions in Sweden and Norway; the document, drafted after Nobel's distress over being misidentified as a "merchant of death" in an obituary, was executed without family input and initially contested in probate.^[17][18]

1901–present

1901: The United States Army War College was established in Washington, D.C., to advance military education and strategic planning for senior officers.^[19] Gerhart Hauptmann's play Der rote Hahn premiered in Berlin, addressing themes of social unrest.^[19] 1910: Pennsylvania Station opened in New York City as the world's largest railway terminal at the time, facilitating expanded rail travel amid rapid urbanization.^[19] 1924: The first Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade was held in New York City, initially featuring animal balloons from the Central Park Zoo and evolving into a major annual event.^[19][20] 1934: Notorious bank robber George "Baby Face" Nelson died during a shootout with FBI agents in Barrington, Illinois, marking a key victory in federal efforts against organized crime during the Great Depression.^[19] 1942: The French navy scuttled its fleet of 73 ships at Toulon to prevent capture by German forces during World War II, denying the Axis a significant naval asset amid the Vichy regime's collapse.^[19][20] 1957: The U.S. Army withdrew its troops from Little Rock, Arkansas, following federal enforcement of racial integration at Central High School, a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement after President Eisenhower's intervention.^[19] 1973: The U.S. Senate voted 92-3 to confirm Gerald R. Ford as Vice President under the 25th Amendment, succeeding Spiro Agnew amid the Watergate scandal.^[20] 1978: San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and city supervisor Harvey Milk, a prominent advocate for homosexual rights, were assassinated by former supervisor Dan White, who was later convicted of voluntary manslaughter in a trial criticized for its leniency.^[19][20] 1989: Avianca Flight 203 exploded shortly after takeoff from Bogotá, Colombia, killing all 107 aboard and 3 on the ground; authorities attributed the bombing to Medellín Cartel leader Pablo Escobar in retaliation for government extradition policies.^[19] 1999: Helen Clark was sworn in as New Zealand's 36th Prime Minister, becoming the first woman elected to the office in a general election.^[19] 2005: The world's first successful partial face transplant was performed on Isabelle Dinoire in Amiens, France, by surgeon Bernard Devauchelle, advancing reconstructive surgery for severe facial trauma.^[21] 2017: Prince Harry announced his engagement to American actress Meghan Markle, signaling a shift toward modernizing the British monarchy's public image.^[19]

Deaths

Pre-1600

In 25 AD, Emperor Guangwu of Han formally declared Luoyang the capital of the Eastern Han dynasty, marking a shift from the preceding Western Han's capital at Chang'an and establishing Luoyang as a central political hub for centuries thereafter.^[7] On November 27, 176 AD, Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius elevated his son Commodus, then aged 15, to the rank of Imperator, designating him supreme commander of the Roman legions and effectively marking the beginning of Commodus's co-rule, which some historians view as the onset of Commodus's imperial authority despite Marcus's continued reign until 180 AD.^[8][9] During the Council of Clermont, convened by Pope Urban II from November 18 to 28, 1095, the pope delivered a pivotal sermon on November 27 urging Western European Christians to undertake an armed pilgrimage to recapture Jerusalem from Muslim control, thereby launching the First Crusade; this address, attended by clerics, nobles, and laypeople, emphasized religious zeal, promises of indulgence, and martial aid to the Byzantine Empire against Seljuk incursions, mobilizing tens of thousands in response.^[10][11]

1601–1900

On November 27, 1703, the Great Storm—a cyclone of unprecedented force that had ravaged southern England since November 24—dissipated after causing over 8,000 deaths, wrecking more than 1,000 ships, and destroying landmarks such as the first Eddystone Lighthouse off Plymouth.^[12] The Portuguese royal family, court officials, and approximately 15,000 others embarked on a fleet of ships in Lisbon harbor on November 27, 1807, amid final preparations to evade Napoleon's invading army; the convoy departed two days later under British naval escort, transferring the Portuguese monarchy to Brazil and elevating Rio de Janeiro to the status of imperial capital.^[13] During the March to the Sea in the American Civil War, Union troops under Major General William T. Sherman burned Sandersville's courthouse in Georgia on the morning of November 27, 1864, after a brief skirmish with Confederate cavalry the previous day; the Left Wing of Sherman's army (14th and 20th Corps) then advanced toward Louisville while foraging and destroying infrastructure.^[14] On November 27, 1868, elements of the 7th U.S. Cavalry under Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer conducted a pre-dawn surprise attack on a Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho encampment along the Washita River in Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma), killing Chief Black Kettle, his wife, and an estimated 50–150 Native Americans, including noncombatants, while capturing 53 women and children and seizing over 800 horses; Custer reported it as a decisive victory against a village of about 200 lodges, though the action's characterization as a battle or massacre remains disputed due to the disproportionate casualties and the band's prior peace overtures to U.S. authorities.^[15][16] Swedish chemist and inventor Alfred Bernhard Nobel signed his final will on November 27, 1895, in Paris, bequeathing the bulk of his estate—approximately 31 million Swedish kronor—to fund annual prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace, administered by institutions in Sweden and Norway; the document, drafted after Nobel's distress over being misidentified as a "merchant of death" in an obituary, was executed without family input and initially contested in probate.^[17][18]

1901–present

1901: The United States Army War College was established in Washington, D.C., to advance military education and strategic planning for senior officers.^[19] Gerhart Hauptmann's play Der rote Hahn premiered in Berlin, addressing themes of social unrest.^[19] 1910: Pennsylvania Station opened in New York City as the world's largest railway terminal at the time, facilitating expanded rail travel amid rapid urbanization.^[19] 1924: The first Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade was held in New York City, initially featuring animal balloons from the Central Park Zoo and evolving into a major annual event.^[19][20] 1934: Notorious bank robber George "Baby Face" Nelson died during a shootout with FBI agents in Barrington, Illinois, marking a key victory in federal efforts against organized crime during the Great Depression.^[19] 1942: The French navy scuttled its fleet of 73 ships at Toulon to prevent capture by German forces during World War II, denying the Axis a significant naval asset amid the Vichy regime's collapse.^[19][20] 1957: The U.S. Army withdrew its troops from Little Rock, Arkansas, following federal enforcement of racial integration at Central High School, a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement after President Eisenhower's intervention.^[19] 1973: The U.S. Senate voted 92-3 to confirm Gerald R. Ford as Vice President under the 25th Amendment, succeeding Spiro Agnew amid the Watergate scandal.^[20] 1978: San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and city supervisor Harvey Milk, a prominent advocate for homosexual rights, were assassinated by former supervisor Dan White, who was later convicted of voluntary manslaughter in a trial criticized for its leniency.^[19][20] 1989: Avianca Flight 203 exploded shortly after takeoff from Bogotá, Colombia, killing all 107 aboard and 3 on the ground; authorities attributed the bombing to Medellín Cartel leader Pablo Escobar in retaliation for government extradition policies.^[19] 1999: Helen Clark was sworn in as New Zealand's 36th Prime Minister, becoming the first woman elected to the office in a general election.^[19] 2005: The world's first successful partial face transplant was performed on Isabelle Dinoire in Amiens, France, by surgeon Bernard Devauchelle, advancing reconstructive surgery for severe facial trauma.^[21] 2017: Prince Harry announced his engagement to American actress Meghan Markle, signaling a shift toward modernizing the British monarchy's public image.^[19]

Holidays and observances

Religious observances

In the Catholic Church, November 27 is the feast day of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal, marking the second Marian apparition to Saint Catherine Labouré on that date in 1830 at the motherhouse of the Daughters of Charity in Paris, during which the Virgin Mary displayed the medal's design—featuring her standing on a globe crushing a serpent, rays emanating from her hands, and inscriptions invoking her intercession—and promised "great graces" for those who wear it with confidence in her aid.^[22][23][24] The medal, struck starting in 1832, became associated with numerous reported conversions, healings, and protections, leading to its popular devotion and papal endorsements, including by Pope John Paul II who credited it with aiding his survival of the 1981 assassination attempt.^[25] The date also commemorates several saints in the Catholic tradition, including Saint Virgil of Salzburg (c. 700–784), an Irish-born monk, missionary to the Slavs, and bishop of Salzburg who advanced education through the establishment of schools and a library, while defending cosmological views such as the Earth's sphericity against critics like Saint Boniface.^[26][27] Other figures honored include Saint Acacius (a 3rd-century martyr), Blessed Alexius Nakamura and companions (Japanese martyrs executed in 1620), and Saint Secundinus of Ireland (5th-century bishop).^[28][29] In the Baháʼí Faith, November 27 observes the Ascension of 'Abdu'l-Bahá, a holy day of rest and commemoration for the passing of 'Abdu'l-Bahá (1844–1921), appointed successor to Bahá'u'lláh, who died at 1:07 a.m. on November 28, 1921, in Haifa; adherents refrain from work and recite prayers, particularly at the hour of his ascension, reflecting on his role in exemplifying Baháʼí principles of universal peace and service.^[30][31]

National and international observances

In Russia, November 27 is designated as the Day of the Naval Infantry, a professional holiday for the country's marine forces established by decree of the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy to honor their historical role since the formation of the first units in 1705.^[32][33] In the United Kingdom, Lancashire Day is observed on November 27 in the historic county of Lancashire, commemorating the summoning of its first elected representatives to the English Parliament by King Edward I in 1295, with events focusing on local heritage, culture, and county identity.^[34][35] Sri Lankan Tamil communities worldwide observe November 27 as Maaveerar Naal, or Great Heroes' Day, to remember militants of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) who died in the armed conflict for Tamil Eelam independence, a practice originating in 1989 despite the LTTE's designation as a terrorist organization by multiple governments including the United States, India, and the European Union.^[36][37] No fixed-date international observances proclaimed by the United Nations occur on November 27.^[38]

Secular and cultural observances

Lancashire Day is an annual cultural observance in England celebrating the historic county of Lancashire, held on November 27 to mark the date in 1295 when the county first sent elected representatives to the Parliament of England under summons from King Edward I.^[34] The day promotes regional identity, heritage, and pride, with activities including historical reenactments, folk music performances, educational events, and displays of Lancashire symbols such as the Red Rose.^[35] First formally observed in 2002 by groups like the Friends of Real Lancashire, it underscores the county's distinct cultural and administrative legacy despite modern boundary changes.^[39] In the United States, November 27 features several informal secular promotions, including National Bavarian Cream Pie Day, which honors a custard-based dessert pioneered by French chef Marie-Antoine Carême in the early 19th century, often enjoyed as a lighter alternative to heavier pies.^[40] Similarly, National Craft Jerky Day recognizes artisanal dried meat production, tracing roots to traditional preservation methods and modern gourmet variations, initiated by jerky producers in 2016 to highlight craftsmanship.^[41] These observances, while lacking official governmental status, encourage consumer engagement through recipes, tastings, and social media sharing.^[42]