Opposing force

The Canadian Armed Forces has OPFOR units from the Canadian Manoeuvre Training Centre.^[1]

In the French Army, a FORAD (FORce ADverse, enemy force) is used to train the army, in both the centre d'entraînement au combat (CENTAC, Combat Training Center) of Mailly-le-Camp^[2] and in the centre d'entraînement aux actions en zone urbaine (CENZUB, Urban Operations Training Centre).^[3] Declassed AMX-30 tanks were used to simulate Soviet T-72s,^[2] until 2018.^[4]

There are three major training centers that utilize home-based OPFOR units for the US Army:

• The National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin, California—home unit is the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment (the Blackhorse)^[5]
• The Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) at Fort Johnson, Louisiana—home unit is the 1st Battalion, 509th Parachute Infantry Regiment (the Geronimos)^[6]
• The Joint Multinational Readiness Center (JMRC)—formerly known as the Combat Maneuver Training Center (CMTC)—at Hohenfels, Germany^[7]—home unit is the 1st Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment (Separate) (the Warriors)

Over time, the Army has patterned the OPFOR units after real or imagined opponents and given them various fictional names, even though the US Army denies any resemblance.

"Circle Triagonists" - patterned after the Wehrmacht from 1947-1978.^[8]

"Krasnovians" - patterned after the Soviet Red Army from 1978-1990 at the National Training Center in Fort Irwin.^[9]

The People's Republic of Pineland - a make believe foe for Army Special Forces candidates to face in their final test.

The Island of Aragon - an invasion scenario for troops to play out at the US Joint Readiness Training Center at Fort Polk, Louisiana.

Attica - a crisis to handle at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico.

Various US military installations or major units have their own local versions of opposing force used for training exercises. The joint Australian–US military exercise "Crocodile '03" featured an Australian-led opposing force in which soldiers from a range of Australian units worked together with a US Marine Corps contingent.^[10]

Several state defense forces have served as OPFOR units when training with the National Guard. The California State Guard,^[11] the Georgia State Defense Force,^[12] and the New York Guard^[13] have provided OPFOR services to their respective National Guard counterparts. In 2018, the Georgia State Defense Force established the OPFOR Battalion^[14] to assist National Guard Soldiers with pre-deployment training.

Rank group	General / flag officers										Senior officers						Junior officers
Circle Trigonists Army (1953–1962)[15]
	Marshal		General of army		General of corps		General of division		General of brigade		Colonel		Commandant		Major		Captain		Lieutenant		Sub-lieutenant		Warrant officer
Circle Trigonists Army (1962–1978)[16]
	Marshal		General of army		General of corps		General of division		General of brigade		Colonel		Commandant		Major		Captain		Lieutenant		Sub-lieutenant		Warrant officer
Krasnovian Army (1978–present)[citation needed]
											Colonel		Lieutenant colonel		Major		Captain		Lieutenant		Junior lieutenant
Rank group	General / flag officers										Senior officers						Junior officers
Circle Trigonists Air Force (1953–1962)[17]
	Air marshal		General of air		General of air army		General of air corps		General of air division		Colonel		Commandant		Major		Captain		Lieutenant		Sub-lieutenant		Warrant officer
Circle Trigonists Air Force (1962–1978)[18]
	Air marshal		General of air		General of air army		General of air corps		General of air division		Colonel		Commandant		Major		Captain		Lieutenant		Sub-lieutenant		Warrant officer

Rank group	Senior NCOs																						Junior NCOs						Enlisted
Circle Trigonists Army (1953–1962)[19]																													No insignia
	Sergeant major						Staff sergeant		Senior sergeant		Platoon sergeant						Section sergeant						Corporal				Senior private		Private
Circle Trigonists Army (1962–1978)[20]
	Sergeant major						Staff sergeant		Senior sergeant		Platoon sergeant						Section sergeant						Corporal				Senior private		Private
Krasnovian Army (1978–present)[citation needed]
	Sergeant major								Senior sergeant								Sergeant						Junior sergeant		Corporal				Private
Rank group	Senior NCOs																						Junior NCOs						Enlisted
Circle Trigonists Air Force (1953–1962)[21]																													No insignia
	Sergeant major						Staff sergeant		Senior sergeant		Platoon sergeant						Section sergeant						Corporal				Senior airman		Airman
Circle Trigonists Air Force (1962–1978)[20]																													No insignia
	Sergeant major						Staff sergeant		Senior sergeant		Platoon sergeant						Section sergeant						Corporal				Senior airman		Airman

Often, the colour of the epaulette shows what specialisation the particular OPFOR soldier has. Green is worn by everyday soldiers, red by fusiliers, and blue by airborne forces.

• 
  Dutch soldiers of 11 Pantserinfanteriebataljon Garderegiment Grenadiers wearing mohawk-style additions on their helmets to denote opposing force status.
• 
  New Zealand Defence Force soldier denoting opposing force status by wearing Desert Disruptive Pattern Material (DPM) in a temperate environment.
• 
  Scene from a simulated Royal Marines beach landing during the 2009 Bournemouth Air Festival; "opposing force" Marine is bareheaded and wears Desert DPM, "blue force" Marines in the background wear berets, camouflage face paint, and woodland DPM.
• 
  Royal Marine "opposing force" members during a 2016 assault demonstration; they wear Tropentarn uniforms and soft hats while the assaulting "blue force" Marines would be wearing MTP uniforms with Mk 7 helmets.
• 
  A sniper from the French CENZUB opposing force wearing a blue-and-gray version of Camouflage Central-Europe.
• 
  51st Fighter Wing airman denoting opposing force status by wearing his Battle Dress Uniform back to front (note the contrast of the uniform with the individual integrated fighting system vest that is also being worn).
• 
  4th Infantry Regiment soldiers wearing United States Army opposing force uniform (Battle Dress Uniform in black with olive 'OPFOR' shoulder title)
• 
  Michigan National Guard OPFOR wearing tiger stripe camouflage uniform and carrying a simulated RPG-7.
• 
  OPFOR rank insignia mimicking the Soviet style (used during the Cold War)

• 
  49th Royal Tank Regiment Matilda II with swastika and Iron Cross markings to denote opposing force status during a 1941 exercise in Dover.
• 
  An OSV, visually modified M113 APC replicating a Soviet BMP at NTC, Fort Irwin, CA
• 
  US Marines using a former Soviet MT-LB vehicle as part of the OPFOR during an exercise
• 
  T-72M1 used by the 3rd Amphibious Assault Battalion, 1st Marine Division of US Marines at Camp Pendleton during Kernel Blitz 1997 exercise
• 
  FV510 Warrior and other British vehicles in a green-and-tan paint scheme; while normally associated with BATUS, the paint scheme denotes opposing force status if used on the British mainland (as in this photograph).^[22]