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Order of Saint Basil the Great
The Order of Saint Basil the Great (Ukrainian: Чин Святого Василія Великого, romanized: Chyn Sviatoho Vasyliia Velykoho; Latin: Ordo Sancti Basilii Magni, abbreviated OSBM), also known as the Basilian Order of Saint Josaphat, is a Greek Catholic monastic order of pontifical right that works actively among Ukrainian Catholics and other Greek-Catholic churches in central and Eastern Europe. The order received approbation on August 20, 1631, and is based at the Monastery of the Holy Trinity, Vilnius.
The Basilian Order originates from the tradition of Orthodox monasticism in the Ruthenian lands of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Its precursors were St. Anthony and his disciple St. Theodosius, founders of the monasteries in the Pechersk Lavra in the 10th century, which followed the rules of St. Basil the Great and St. Theodore the Studite. The Lavra became a model for other monastic communities in the Ruthenian lands, combining eremitic and cenobitic forms of life. Unlike monks of the Latin tradition, they did not form congregations but operated independently, subject only to local bishops.
They also generally did not engage in educational, charitable, or pastoral activities, and few among them were priests. The monasteries, however, had immense cultural significance and served as the intellectual and spiritual backbone of the Orthodox Church. Because of their black habits, the monks were called “chernets” (black monks) of the Rule of St. Basil, or simply “Basilians” since half of 14th century.
In the second half of the 16th century, the Orthodox Church in the Polish-Lithuanian lands experienced a crisis, most evident in the decline of monastic life and the weakening of discipline. Many Orthodox clergy saw the solution to these problems in renewing union with the Latin Church. Representatives of three monasteries from Bratslav, Lavryshiv and Minsk took part in the Synod of Brest in 1596, which led to the union. However, delegates from ten other important monasteries participated in the anti-synod. The division within the Christian of Greek tradition had a profound impact on the state of the monasteries, which repeatedly changed their confessional affiliation.
At the Synod of Novogrudok in 1617, the Congregation of the Holy Trinity was established, bringing together all Uniate monasteries. At that time there were five monasteries in Vilnius, Novogrudok, Minsk, Zhyrovichy and Byten, with sixty monks in total. The order was approved in 1631 by Pope Urban VIII. As the Union expanded, the number of monasteries within the congregation also increased. Not all monasteries that accepted the Union, however, joined the congregation; this mainly concerned those located in the Crown, which differed from the Lithuanian ones in their greater poverty, simpler clothing, longer beards and generally lower intellectual level of the monks. In 1739 a new Congregation of the Protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary was founded for monasteries in the Kingdom of Poland. It was called the Ruthenian, Crown or Polish congregation, to distinguish it from the older Lithuanian one.
Claims to precedence by the Lithuanian province led to the unification of both congregations into the Ruthenian Order of Saint Basil the Great (Ordo Sancti Basilii Magni Ruthenorum) by Pope Benedict XIV in 1744, with the former congregations becoming provinces. The archimandry of Supraśl, together with its residences in Warsaw and Kuźnica, remained outside the order. At the time of the union, the order comprised 195 monasteries and 1,145 monks.
The Order of Saint Basil the Great spread and flourished across modern day Belarus and Ukraine and played a key role in the education both of laity and clergy, and helped to preserve the distinctiveness of the Ruthenian culture in the predominantly Polish and Roman Catholic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century. In 1772 the Order had over 200 monasteries and over 1000 monks, six seminaries, twenty schools and colleges, and four printing houses.
In the last years of the 18th century most of the Ruthenian lands came under the Russian Empire, where the Order along with the whole Ruthenian Church was persecuted. Eventually the monasteries were subjected to the Russian Orthodox Church. A small part of modern-day Ukraine came under Austrian rule where the fate of the Ruthenian Church was much better. However, the Order suffered under the policies of Emperor Joseph II directed against all religious orders. In the second half of the 19th century efforts were undertaken to renew the Order. By 1882 it was reduced to just 60 monks in 14 monasteries. With permission from Pope Leo XIII the Basilian Constitution was updated with help from the Society of Jesus starting with the Dobromyl monastery, by which it became less sedentary and more missionary, among other things allowing the monks to work with the Ukrainian diaspora overseas. The Basilians reached Brazil (1897), Canada (1902), United States (1907), and Argentina (1934). New provinces were established covering Transcarpathia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia and Romania. By 1939 the number of monks rose to over 650. In 1944 the order purchased the John E. Aldred Estate at Lattingtown, New York, now known as St. Josaphat's Monastery.
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Order of Saint Basil the Great
The Order of Saint Basil the Great (Ukrainian: Чин Святого Василія Великого, romanized: Chyn Sviatoho Vasyliia Velykoho; Latin: Ordo Sancti Basilii Magni, abbreviated OSBM), also known as the Basilian Order of Saint Josaphat, is a Greek Catholic monastic order of pontifical right that works actively among Ukrainian Catholics and other Greek-Catholic churches in central and Eastern Europe. The order received approbation on August 20, 1631, and is based at the Monastery of the Holy Trinity, Vilnius.
The Basilian Order originates from the tradition of Orthodox monasticism in the Ruthenian lands of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Its precursors were St. Anthony and his disciple St. Theodosius, founders of the monasteries in the Pechersk Lavra in the 10th century, which followed the rules of St. Basil the Great and St. Theodore the Studite. The Lavra became a model for other monastic communities in the Ruthenian lands, combining eremitic and cenobitic forms of life. Unlike monks of the Latin tradition, they did not form congregations but operated independently, subject only to local bishops.
They also generally did not engage in educational, charitable, or pastoral activities, and few among them were priests. The monasteries, however, had immense cultural significance and served as the intellectual and spiritual backbone of the Orthodox Church. Because of their black habits, the monks were called “chernets” (black monks) of the Rule of St. Basil, or simply “Basilians” since half of 14th century.
In the second half of the 16th century, the Orthodox Church in the Polish-Lithuanian lands experienced a crisis, most evident in the decline of monastic life and the weakening of discipline. Many Orthodox clergy saw the solution to these problems in renewing union with the Latin Church. Representatives of three monasteries from Bratslav, Lavryshiv and Minsk took part in the Synod of Brest in 1596, which led to the union. However, delegates from ten other important monasteries participated in the anti-synod. The division within the Christian of Greek tradition had a profound impact on the state of the monasteries, which repeatedly changed their confessional affiliation.
At the Synod of Novogrudok in 1617, the Congregation of the Holy Trinity was established, bringing together all Uniate monasteries. At that time there were five monasteries in Vilnius, Novogrudok, Minsk, Zhyrovichy and Byten, with sixty monks in total. The order was approved in 1631 by Pope Urban VIII. As the Union expanded, the number of monasteries within the congregation also increased. Not all monasteries that accepted the Union, however, joined the congregation; this mainly concerned those located in the Crown, which differed from the Lithuanian ones in their greater poverty, simpler clothing, longer beards and generally lower intellectual level of the monks. In 1739 a new Congregation of the Protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary was founded for monasteries in the Kingdom of Poland. It was called the Ruthenian, Crown or Polish congregation, to distinguish it from the older Lithuanian one.
Claims to precedence by the Lithuanian province led to the unification of both congregations into the Ruthenian Order of Saint Basil the Great (Ordo Sancti Basilii Magni Ruthenorum) by Pope Benedict XIV in 1744, with the former congregations becoming provinces. The archimandry of Supraśl, together with its residences in Warsaw and Kuźnica, remained outside the order. At the time of the union, the order comprised 195 monasteries and 1,145 monks.
The Order of Saint Basil the Great spread and flourished across modern day Belarus and Ukraine and played a key role in the education both of laity and clergy, and helped to preserve the distinctiveness of the Ruthenian culture in the predominantly Polish and Roman Catholic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century. In 1772 the Order had over 200 monasteries and over 1000 monks, six seminaries, twenty schools and colleges, and four printing houses.
In the last years of the 18th century most of the Ruthenian lands came under the Russian Empire, where the Order along with the whole Ruthenian Church was persecuted. Eventually the monasteries were subjected to the Russian Orthodox Church. A small part of modern-day Ukraine came under Austrian rule where the fate of the Ruthenian Church was much better. However, the Order suffered under the policies of Emperor Joseph II directed against all religious orders. In the second half of the 19th century efforts were undertaken to renew the Order. By 1882 it was reduced to just 60 monks in 14 monasteries. With permission from Pope Leo XIII the Basilian Constitution was updated with help from the Society of Jesus starting with the Dobromyl monastery, by which it became less sedentary and more missionary, among other things allowing the monks to work with the Ukrainian diaspora overseas. The Basilians reached Brazil (1897), Canada (1902), United States (1907), and Argentina (1934). New provinces were established covering Transcarpathia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia and Romania. By 1939 the number of monks rose to over 650. In 1944 the order purchased the John E. Aldred Estate at Lattingtown, New York, now known as St. Josaphat's Monastery.