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Ortai
Ortai (Manchu: ᠣᡵᡨᠠᡳ, Möllendorff: ortai; Chinese: 鄂爾泰; pinyin: È'ěrtài) (1680–1745) was the first Earl Xiangqin. He was an eminent Manchu official from the Sirin Gioro clan, belonging to the Bordered Blue Banner, during the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). He served both the Yongzheng Emperor (reign 1722–1735) and the Qianlong Emperor (reign 1735–1796). Ortai governed the southwestern region of the Qing empire, Yun-Gui (modern day Yunnan and Guizhou), from around 1726–1731, and was responsible for putting down several Miao uprisings. He fell ill and died in 1745.
Ortai was originally wed to a woman of the Gūwalgiya clan, until she died.[citation needed] Then he married the daughter of Maizhu (邁柱), the Minister of the Board of Civil Offices. Ortai then refused to take on secondary spouses despite polygamous customs of aristocratic men of his generation.[citation needed] They had two daughters and six sons.[citation needed] His fourth son Oning (O-ning, Chinese: 鄂寧; pinyin: Èníng) also served as Viceroy of Yung-Gui for a short period in 1768.
His son Oyonggo (Chinese: 鄂容安, O-rong'an) succeeded him as Earl (and was honored with the prefix Xiangqin in 1749) before being killed in battle against the Dzungars in 1755. Oyonggo was posthumously honored in the Temple of Zealots of the Dynasty.
His younger son, O-shi (鄂實), was also posthumously honored in the Temple of Zealots of the Dynasty after dying in battle in 1758, near Yarkand.
Ortai rose quickly through the ranks in his youth, reportedly due to his reputation for incorruptibility. In 1699, Ortai became a juren, and by 1703, he was promoted to captain of his family's Banner company. The same year, he was promoted to Senior Imperial Bodyguard of the 3rd Rank.
In 1716, he was promoted again to the Assistant Department Director of the Imperial Household. After the emperor Yongzheng ascended in 1722, Ortai served as an examiner for the Yunnan province civil service exams, and then as financial commissioner of Jiangsu province.
His first governorship was awarded in 1724, when he was made lieutenant governor of Jiangsu province. The next year, he was appointed acting governor-general (or Viceroy) of the restive southwestern provinces of Yunnan and Guizhou, although it took some time for him to assume office, as he had to first travel to Beijing and then to the provinces.
His assignment was to stabilize the region for Qing rule. The main source of resistance came from indigenous people of Yun-Gui, the Miao. The majority of his rule was focused on quelling local resistance to Qing rule, often relying on military force. His policy, called gaitu guiliu 改土归流, aimed to replace local hereditary rulers called Tusi with imperial bureaucrats, thereby placing the restive territories under a more firm grip of the central government. Guy has characterized Ortai's rule as a "Qing mission civilisatrice," while Elliott has said some might call Ortai ruthless.
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Ortai
Ortai (Manchu: ᠣᡵᡨᠠᡳ, Möllendorff: ortai; Chinese: 鄂爾泰; pinyin: È'ěrtài) (1680–1745) was the first Earl Xiangqin. He was an eminent Manchu official from the Sirin Gioro clan, belonging to the Bordered Blue Banner, during the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). He served both the Yongzheng Emperor (reign 1722–1735) and the Qianlong Emperor (reign 1735–1796). Ortai governed the southwestern region of the Qing empire, Yun-Gui (modern day Yunnan and Guizhou), from around 1726–1731, and was responsible for putting down several Miao uprisings. He fell ill and died in 1745.
Ortai was originally wed to a woman of the Gūwalgiya clan, until she died.[citation needed] Then he married the daughter of Maizhu (邁柱), the Minister of the Board of Civil Offices. Ortai then refused to take on secondary spouses despite polygamous customs of aristocratic men of his generation.[citation needed] They had two daughters and six sons.[citation needed] His fourth son Oning (O-ning, Chinese: 鄂寧; pinyin: Èníng) also served as Viceroy of Yung-Gui for a short period in 1768.
His son Oyonggo (Chinese: 鄂容安, O-rong'an) succeeded him as Earl (and was honored with the prefix Xiangqin in 1749) before being killed in battle against the Dzungars in 1755. Oyonggo was posthumously honored in the Temple of Zealots of the Dynasty.
His younger son, O-shi (鄂實), was also posthumously honored in the Temple of Zealots of the Dynasty after dying in battle in 1758, near Yarkand.
Ortai rose quickly through the ranks in his youth, reportedly due to his reputation for incorruptibility. In 1699, Ortai became a juren, and by 1703, he was promoted to captain of his family's Banner company. The same year, he was promoted to Senior Imperial Bodyguard of the 3rd Rank.
In 1716, he was promoted again to the Assistant Department Director of the Imperial Household. After the emperor Yongzheng ascended in 1722, Ortai served as an examiner for the Yunnan province civil service exams, and then as financial commissioner of Jiangsu province.
His first governorship was awarded in 1724, when he was made lieutenant governor of Jiangsu province. The next year, he was appointed acting governor-general (or Viceroy) of the restive southwestern provinces of Yunnan and Guizhou, although it took some time for him to assume office, as he had to first travel to Beijing and then to the provinces.
His assignment was to stabilize the region for Qing rule. The main source of resistance came from indigenous people of Yun-Gui, the Miao. The majority of his rule was focused on quelling local resistance to Qing rule, often relying on military force. His policy, called gaitu guiliu 改土归流, aimed to replace local hereditary rulers called Tusi with imperial bureaucrats, thereby placing the restive territories under a more firm grip of the central government. Guy has characterized Ortai's rule as a "Qing mission civilisatrice," while Elliott has said some might call Ortai ruthless.
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