The quailfinch (Ortygospiza atricollis) is a species of the estrildid finch. It is found in open grasslands in Africa. They are gregarious seed-eaters with short, thick, red bills. They are very terrestrial, with lark-like feet and claws.

The quailfinch was formally described in 1817 by the French ornithologist Louis Vieillot based on a specimen collected in Senegal. Vieillot coined the binomial name Fringilla atricollis where the specific epithet is from Latin ater meaning "black" and Modern Latin -collis meaning "-necked" or "-throated". The quailfinch is now the only species placed in the genus Ortygospiza that was introduced in 1850 by Carl Jakob Sundevall. Sundevall created the genus for a single species, Fringilla polyzona Temminck, 1823, which is now treated as a junior synonym of Fringilla atricollis Vieillot, 1817. The genus name Ortygospiza combines the Ancient Greek ορτυξ/ortux, ορτυγος/ortugos meaning "quail" with σπιζα/spiza meaning "finch".

Eleven subspecies are recognised:

Previously, the quailfinch was sometimes divided into three species:

Two issues are contentious: First, whether the locustfinch should be included here or given its own monotypic genus. Second, the "African quailfinch" complex might comprise one or three (sub)species. The two-taxon arrangement as found in most field guides and used by the IUCN, was recently shown to be based only on a single character (the color of the chin and throat). It is certainly erroneous, being contradicted by all other morphological, behavioral and DNA sequence data.

The molecular data would support a two-taxon arrangement with the taxa atricollis and fuscocrissa, but this is not supported by the other data. In conclusion, either gabonensis should be merged back into atricollis, or fuscocrissa should be restored to (sub)species status. Gene flow in the "African quailfinch" complex is still ongoing, and the three lineages therein either form a superspecies, or can be considered a single, wide-ranging and very variable species.

The locust finch (Paludipasser locustella) has sometimes been placed in the genus Ortygospiza. Its relationships are still uncertain as the species was not included in a large molecular phylogenetic study of the Estrildidae that was published in 2020.

The quailfinch is 9–10 cm (3.5–3.9 in) in overall length and weighs 9–12.4 g (0.32–0.44 oz). The male of the nominate subspecies is grey-brown above with a brown tail and wings. The face is black except for a small white patch on the chin. There is an incomplete ring of white feathers around the eye. The throat is black, the upper breast and sides are black with grey and white barring. The lower breast is chestnut, the belly is paler, the undertail-coverts are whitish with black bars. The bill is red in the breeding season but outside the breeding season the upper mandible is black. The legs are bright orange or pinkish. The female has a grey face, less streaking on the upperparts and less barring on the sides.