Polypedates

Polypedates
	Polypedates leucomystax
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Anura
Family:	Rhacophoridae
Subfamily:	Rhacophorinae
Genus:	Polypedates; Tschudi, 1838
Type species
	Hyla leucomystax; Gravenhorst, 1829
Diversity
	26 species (see text)

Polypedates is a genus of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae, the shrub frogs and Paleotropic tree frogs. They belong to subfamily Rhacophorinae. Members of this genus are collectively known as whipping frogs. They occur in eastern and southern Asia.^[1]

The delimitation of Polypedates versus the related Rhacophorus has been difficult. In former times, the present genus was often entirely included in Rhacophorus. However, molecular phylogenetic studies support the recognition of both genera. Polypedates + Taruga are considered to be the sister taxon of Feihyla + Rhacophorus.^[1]^[2]

Species

The following species are recognised in the genus Polypedates, with new species still being described on a regular basis:^[1]

Polypedates assamensis Mathew & Sen, 2009
Polypedates bengalensis Purkayastha et al., 2019^[3]
Polypedates braueri (Vogt, 1911) – White-lipped treefrog or Java treefrog
Polypedates colletti (Boulenger, 1890) – Collett's whipping frog, black-spotted tree frog, or Collett's tree frog
Polypedates cruciger Blyth, 1852 – Sri Lanka whipping frog or common hour-glass tree-frog
Polypedates discantus Rujirawan, Stuart, and Aowphol, 2013 – Malayan slender treefrog
Polypedates hecticus Peters, 1863 – Samara flying frog
Polypedates himalayensis (Annandale, 1912) – Himalayan tree frog
Polypedates impresus Yang, 2008
Polypedates insularis Das, 2005 – Nicobarese tree frog
Polypedates iskandari Riyanto, Mumpuni & McGuire, 2011
Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhorst, 1829) – common tree frog, four-lined tree frog, striped tree frog, "white-lipped tree frog" (formerly often in P. maculatus)
Polypedates macrotis (Boulenger, 1891) – Bongao tree frog
Polypedates maculatus (Gray, 1830) – common Indian tree frog, Chunam tree frog
Polypedates megacephalus Hallowell, 1861 – spot-legged tree frog, Hong Kong whipping frog, "brown tree frog"
Polypedates mutus (Smith, 1940) – northern treefrog
Polypedates occidentalis Das and Dutta, 2006 – western tree frog
Polypedates otilophus (Boulenger, 1893) – file-eared tree frog, Borneo eared frog
Polypedates pseudocruciger Das and Ravichandran, 1998 – false hour-glass tree frog or yellow tree frog
Polypedates pseudotilophus Matsui, Hamidy, and Kuraishi, 2014
Polypedates ranwellai Wickramasingha, Munindradasa, and Fernando, 2012 – Ranwella's spined tree frog
Polypedates subansiriensis Mathew & Sen, 2009 – Subansiri's tree frog
Polypedates taeniatus (Boulenger, 1906) – Bengal whipping Frog, Bengal whipping tree frog, or Terai tree frog
Polypedates teraiensis (Dubois, 1987) – common tree frog, six-lined tree frog, Terai tree frog, or Perching frog
Polypedates zed (Dubois, 1987) – Nepalese tree frog or Narayanghat whipping frog

The recently described Polypedates bijui^[4] has now been renamed as Beddomixalus bijui, the only species in its genus.

Phylogeny

The following phylogeny of Polypedates is from Pyron & Wiens (2011).^[5] 8 species are included. Polypedates is a sister group of Feihyla. Together, Polypedates and Feihyla form a sister group to Rhacophorus.^[5]

Polypedates

	Polypedates eques

	Polypedates fastigo

Polypedates colletti

	Polypedates maculatus

	Polypedates cruciger

Polypedates leucomystax

	Polypedates mutus

	Polypedates megacephalus

Kuraishi, et al. (2013) gives the following phylogeny of Polypedates.^[6] Polypedates and Rhacophorus are estimated to have split off from their most recent common ancestor 26.6 million years ago during the Oligocene. Furthermore, the genus Taruga has been separated as a separate genus endemic to Sri Lanka.

Polypedates

Taruga

	Taruga eques

	Taruga fastigo

	Taruga longinasus

Polypedates otilophus (Borneo)

Polypedates colletti (Southeast Asian)

(South Asian clade)

	Polypedates maculatus

	Polypedates cruciger

Polypedates sp. (Malay clade)

Polypedates macrotis (Sunda)

Polypedates cf. mutus sp. 1 (South China clade)

Polypedates braueri (North China clade)

Polypedates impresus^[7]^[8] (Laos clade)

	Polypedates leucomystax (Sunda clade)

	Polypedates megacephalus (Indochina clade)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Polypedates Tschudi, 1838". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
^ Li, Jiatang; Dingqi Rao; Robert W. Murphy; Yaping Zhang (2011). "The systematic status of rhacophorid frogs" (PDF). Asian Herpetological Research. 2: 1–11. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1245.2011.00001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-11-20.
^ Purkayastha, Jayaditya; Das, Madhurima; Mondal, Kingshuk; Mitra, Shibajee; Chaudhuri, Anirban; Das, Indraneil (2019). "A new species of Polypedates Tschudi, 1838 (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from West Bengal State, Eastern India". Zootaxa. 4691 (5): 525–540. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4691.5.6. PMID 31719380. S2CID 207936668.
^ Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot & Kalesh, 2011
^ ^a ^b R. Alexander Pyron; John J. Wiens (2011). "A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61 (2): 543–583. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012. PMID 21723399.
^ KURAISHI, N., MATSUI, M., HAMIDY, A., BELABUT, D. M., AHMAD, N., PANHA, S., SUDIN, A., YONG, H. S., JIANG, J.-P., OTA, H., THONG, H. T. and NISHIKAWA, K. (2013), Phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships of the Polypedates leucomystax complex (Amphibia). Zoologica Scripta, 42: 54–70. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00562.x
^ Pan, S., N. Dang, J.S. Wang, Y. Zheng, D.Q. Rao, and J.T. Li. 2013. Molecular phylogeny supports the validity of Polypedates impresus Yang 2008. Asian Herpetological Research 4: 124–133.
^ Identified by Pan, et al. (2013) as Polypedates impresus, but given in Kuraishi, et al. (2013) as Polypedates cf. mutus.

External links

Media related to Polypedates at Wikimedia Commons

[frost-1] Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Polypedates Tschudi, 1838". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 9 December 2014.

[LiEtAl-2] Li, Jiatang; Dingqi Rao; Robert W. Murphy; Yaping Zhang (2011). "The systematic status of rhacophorid frogs" (PDF). Asian Herpetological Research. 2: 1–11. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1245.2011.00001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-11-20.

[3] Purkayastha, Jayaditya; Das, Madhurima; Mondal, Kingshuk; Mitra, Shibajee; Chaudhuri, Anirban; Das, Indraneil (2019). "A new species of Polypedates Tschudi, 1838 (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from West Bengal State, Eastern India". Zootaxa. 4691 (5): 525–540. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4691.5.6. PMID 31719380. S2CID 207936668.

[4] Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot & Kalesh, 2011

[Pyron-5] R. Alexander Pyron; John J. Wiens (2011). "A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61 (2): 543–583. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012. PMID 21723399.

[Kuraishi2013-6] KURAISHI, N., MATSUI, M., HAMIDY, A., BELABUT, D. M., AHMAD, N., PANHA, S., SUDIN, A., YONG, H. S., JIANG, J.-P., OTA, H., THONG, H. T. and NISHIKAWA, K. (2013), Phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships of the Polypedates leucomystax complex (Amphibia). Zoologica Scripta, 42: 54–70. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00562.x

[7] Pan, S., N. Dang, J.S. Wang, Y. Zheng, D.Q. Rao, and J.T. Li. 2013. Molecular phylogeny supports the validity of Polypedates impresus Yang 2008. Asian Herpetological Research 4: 124–133.

[8] Identified by Pan, et al. (2013) as Polypedates impresus, but given in Kuraishi, et al. (2013) as Polypedates cf. mutus.

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