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Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions
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Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions
Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (also Additional Protocol I or AP I) is a 1977 amendment or optional protocol to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 concerning the protection of civilian victims of international armed conflicts (including "armed conflicts in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination, alien occupation or racist regimes"). In practice, Additional Protocol I reaffirmed the international rules of war stipulated in the 1907 Hague Regulations and the four 1949 Geneva Conventions to accommodate developments of warfare since World War II.
As of June 2025, Additional Protocol I has been ratified by 175 states. The United States, Iran and Pakistan signed the protocol on 12 December 1977, but never ratified it. Israel, India and Turkey have not signed the protocol.
Some, but not all, of the provisions of the 1977 Additional Protocol I, “have obtained recognition as customary law.”
Additional Protocol I contains 102 articles. The following is a basic overview of the Protocol. In general, Additional Protocol I reaffirms the provisions of the original four 1949 Geneva Conventions. However, the following additional protections are added:
Israel has not ratified the Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions. According to legal scholar and human rights attorney Noura Erakat, this allows the Israeli government to recognize the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as ''neither a civil war ('non-international armed conflict’ or NIAC) nor a war against a liberation movement ('international armed conflict’ or IAC).'' This way, force used by Palestinian factions can be deemed illegal and illegitimate.
On 16 October 2019, President Vladimir Putin signed an executive order and submitted a State Duma bill to revoke the statement accompanying Russia's ratification of the Additional Protocol I, which previously accepted the competence of the Article 90(2) International Fact-Finding Commission. The bill was supplied with the following warning:
Exceptional circumstances affect the interests of the Russian Federation and require urgent action. … In the current international environment, the risks of abuse of the commission's powers for political purposes by unscrupulous states who act in bad faith have increased significantly.
The United States has not ratified the Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions. Its main objection was to Article 1(4) (detailed below), regarding non-state actors.
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Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions
Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (also Additional Protocol I or AP I) is a 1977 amendment or optional protocol to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 concerning the protection of civilian victims of international armed conflicts (including "armed conflicts in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination, alien occupation or racist regimes"). In practice, Additional Protocol I reaffirmed the international rules of war stipulated in the 1907 Hague Regulations and the four 1949 Geneva Conventions to accommodate developments of warfare since World War II.
As of June 2025, Additional Protocol I has been ratified by 175 states. The United States, Iran and Pakistan signed the protocol on 12 December 1977, but never ratified it. Israel, India and Turkey have not signed the protocol.
Some, but not all, of the provisions of the 1977 Additional Protocol I, “have obtained recognition as customary law.”
Additional Protocol I contains 102 articles. The following is a basic overview of the Protocol. In general, Additional Protocol I reaffirms the provisions of the original four 1949 Geneva Conventions. However, the following additional protections are added:
Israel has not ratified the Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions. According to legal scholar and human rights attorney Noura Erakat, this allows the Israeli government to recognize the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as ''neither a civil war ('non-international armed conflict’ or NIAC) nor a war against a liberation movement ('international armed conflict’ or IAC).'' This way, force used by Palestinian factions can be deemed illegal and illegitimate.
On 16 October 2019, President Vladimir Putin signed an executive order and submitted a State Duma bill to revoke the statement accompanying Russia's ratification of the Additional Protocol I, which previously accepted the competence of the Article 90(2) International Fact-Finding Commission. The bill was supplied with the following warning:
Exceptional circumstances affect the interests of the Russian Federation and require urgent action. … In the current international environment, the risks of abuse of the commission's powers for political purposes by unscrupulous states who act in bad faith have increased significantly.
The United States has not ratified the Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions. Its main objection was to Article 1(4) (detailed below), regarding non-state actors.
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