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Province of Brittany
The Province of Brittany was a division of France that existed from 1532 until 1790. It was formed at the time that the previous Duchy of Brittany became unified with France by an edict. It was dissolved after the French Revolution in 1790 along with all the other provinces of France.
Although before 1536 Brittany was in theory under French control, it had been de facto independent. Its main government institution was the Estates of Brittany. It was created as a French province by the Edict of Union issued in 1532.
The origins of the Province of Brittany date back to before it was fully integrated into France, beginning when Charles VIII took control in 1491. At that time, he started to dismantle some of the institutions of the Duchy of Brittany and replaced the Montfort loyalists with his own supporters. However, many of these institutions were restored in 1498 after Charles's death, when Anne of Brittany assumed power.
When Francis III, Duke of Brittany died in 1536 he was succeeded by his brother Henry, who was the first person to become both King of France and Duke of Brittany in his own right. Any trace of Breton independence ended with the accession of Henry to the French throne as Henry II. From that point onward, the region functioned as the Province of Brittany. The French Crown and the Breton Duchy were now united through inheritance, effectively completing Brittany’s integration into France. Henry II was not separately crowned as Duke of Brittany. However, he did attempt to establish a distinct legal status for Brittany within the Kingdom of France, similar to the relationship between the Duchy of Cornwall and the Kingdom of England.[citation needed] According to some historical accounts, Brittany was intended to serve as a ducal territory that the king could retain for himself and his heirs in the event he lost the French Crown. However, this attempt to establish a separate legal status for Brittany did not outlast Henry’s reign.[citation needed]
Although Brittany was unified into France by the edict, it maintained several privileges. Among these were:
When Henry III (the last direct male descendant of Claude of France) died, Brittany passed as part of the Crown lands to the next heir of France, Henry of Navarre, rather than to Claude's most senior heirs (either Henry II, Duke of Lorraine or Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia). While these nobles were technically Henry's heirs, there were problems with both claimants to the ducal crown. The most important issue was that the crown, as a Sovereign Duke, could not be separated from that of the French Crown. Meanwhile, the French Crown and the Spanish Crown had been permanently separated, beginning with the reign of Philip of Spain.
In 1582, Henry III of France, last living male-line grandson of Claude, Duchess of Brittany, made Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur, his brother-in-law and a leader of Catholic League, governor of Brittany. Invoking the hereditary rights of his wife Marie de Luxembourg, he endeavoured to make himself independent in that province from 1589 onward, and organized a government at Nantes, proclaiming their young son Philippe Emmanuel "prince and duke of Brittany". Through maternal ancestry he was the direct primogenitural heir of Duchess Joan, of the House of Penthièvre, wife of Charles of Blois. Mercœur organized a government at Nantes, supported by the Spaniards. He prevented Henry IV's attempts to subjugate Brittany until 20 March 1598, when Mercœur was forced to surrender. Henry IV then had one of his own illegitimate sons marry the young daughter of the Mercœurs, and thereby assured direct French control of the province. Mercœur subsequently went in exile to the Kingdom of Hungary.
The title "Duke of Brittany" largely ceased to be used as a title of the King of France. When it appeared, the title was bestowed by the king of France to one of his direct descendants, and it was in any event titular in status.
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Province of Brittany AI simulator
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Province of Brittany
The Province of Brittany was a division of France that existed from 1532 until 1790. It was formed at the time that the previous Duchy of Brittany became unified with France by an edict. It was dissolved after the French Revolution in 1790 along with all the other provinces of France.
Although before 1536 Brittany was in theory under French control, it had been de facto independent. Its main government institution was the Estates of Brittany. It was created as a French province by the Edict of Union issued in 1532.
The origins of the Province of Brittany date back to before it was fully integrated into France, beginning when Charles VIII took control in 1491. At that time, he started to dismantle some of the institutions of the Duchy of Brittany and replaced the Montfort loyalists with his own supporters. However, many of these institutions were restored in 1498 after Charles's death, when Anne of Brittany assumed power.
When Francis III, Duke of Brittany died in 1536 he was succeeded by his brother Henry, who was the first person to become both King of France and Duke of Brittany in his own right. Any trace of Breton independence ended with the accession of Henry to the French throne as Henry II. From that point onward, the region functioned as the Province of Brittany. The French Crown and the Breton Duchy were now united through inheritance, effectively completing Brittany’s integration into France. Henry II was not separately crowned as Duke of Brittany. However, he did attempt to establish a distinct legal status for Brittany within the Kingdom of France, similar to the relationship between the Duchy of Cornwall and the Kingdom of England.[citation needed] According to some historical accounts, Brittany was intended to serve as a ducal territory that the king could retain for himself and his heirs in the event he lost the French Crown. However, this attempt to establish a separate legal status for Brittany did not outlast Henry’s reign.[citation needed]
Although Brittany was unified into France by the edict, it maintained several privileges. Among these were:
When Henry III (the last direct male descendant of Claude of France) died, Brittany passed as part of the Crown lands to the next heir of France, Henry of Navarre, rather than to Claude's most senior heirs (either Henry II, Duke of Lorraine or Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia). While these nobles were technically Henry's heirs, there were problems with both claimants to the ducal crown. The most important issue was that the crown, as a Sovereign Duke, could not be separated from that of the French Crown. Meanwhile, the French Crown and the Spanish Crown had been permanently separated, beginning with the reign of Philip of Spain.
In 1582, Henry III of France, last living male-line grandson of Claude, Duchess of Brittany, made Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur, his brother-in-law and a leader of Catholic League, governor of Brittany. Invoking the hereditary rights of his wife Marie de Luxembourg, he endeavoured to make himself independent in that province from 1589 onward, and organized a government at Nantes, proclaiming their young son Philippe Emmanuel "prince and duke of Brittany". Through maternal ancestry he was the direct primogenitural heir of Duchess Joan, of the House of Penthièvre, wife of Charles of Blois. Mercœur organized a government at Nantes, supported by the Spaniards. He prevented Henry IV's attempts to subjugate Brittany until 20 March 1598, when Mercœur was forced to surrender. Henry IV then had one of his own illegitimate sons marry the young daughter of the Mercœurs, and thereby assured direct French control of the province. Mercœur subsequently went in exile to the Kingdom of Hungary.
The title "Duke of Brittany" largely ceased to be used as a title of the King of France. When it appeared, the title was bestowed by the king of France to one of his direct descendants, and it was in any event titular in status.