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Qalipu First Nation
The Qalipu First Nation (phon: /xa.li.bu/, [xalibu]; Mi'kmaq for 'caribou') is a Mi'kmaq band government based on the eastern Canadian island of Newfoundland. The landless band was created by order-in-council in 2011, pursuant to the Agreement for the Recognition of the Qalipu Mi'kmaq Band. Following their approval as a First Nation, around 100,000 people applied for membership, while a total of 23,000 were, ultimately, approved.
In 2018, the Qalipu First Nation was accepted as a member of the Canadian Assembly of First Nations.
Prior to the time of European contact, the Mi'kmaq people inhabited Miꞌkmaꞌki, their vast territories which encompassed much of modern-day Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, as well as portions of northeastern New Brunswick and Quebec's Gaspé Peninsula.
By the 17th century, the Mi'kmaq would often visit the island they called Taqamkuk (present-day Newfoundland) by crossing the Cabot Strait in shallops that they adopted from European fur traders. They visited the island and hunted along its south coast, going as far east as Placentia Bay, before returning to Unamaki[citation needed]. Gradually, Taqamkuk became one of their "domain of islands". Some [who?] Mi'kmaq individuals have stated[citation needed] that, in addition to those traveling to the island to hunt, a group of their people had already lived on the island for hundreds of years. The island's historical populace, the Beothuk, are thought to have died out in the early 1800s. Shanawdithit was the last full-blooded, known living member of the Beothuk people; she eventually died with no known living descendants.
During Canada's 18th-century colonial period, French and British forces warred for rights to North American land claims. The Mi'kmaq, and several other First Nations, became closely allied with France, with whom they frequently traded furs and other goods and necessities. Together, they raided British colonial settlements in New England, as well as the Atlantic regions of what would become Canada. In 1763, after France was defeated by Britain in the Seven Years' War, the country ceded all land east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain, including the Mi'kmaq long-held traditional land. After this, numerous British colonists entered the territories and tried to settle.
Newfoundland, however, was still sparsely populated, and most Europeans lived on the eastern portion of the island, in small and isolated coastal fishing settlements. The Mi'kmaq living on the island were, essentially, able to continue their traditional way of life on the island's west coast and within the interior. After the Beothuk people disappeared in the 1800s, the Mi'kmaq no longer shared Newfoundland's interior with another people. In 1857, a colonial census of Newfoundland recorded Mi'kmaq settlements at St. George's Bay, Codroy Valley, Bay d'Espoir and the Bay of Exploits.
The English and other Europeans had little knowledge of the interior and relied on the Mi'kmaq for support.[citation needed] In 1822, explorer William Cormack traversed the island's interior from Trinity Bay to St. George's Bay, guided by a Mi'kmaw man named Sylvester Joe. In the 1860s, the British hired a group of Mi'kmaq men for overland postal delivery via a network of trails to reach the northern communities.
In 1898, a railway was constructed across the island, giving Europeans greater access to Newfoundland's interior. Numerous settlers thus arrived to hunt the caribou and moose, in addition to other animals, causing a sharp decline in local wildlife populations. The caribou, for example, had served as one of the main sources of food and supplies for the Mi'kmaq, and their decline adversely affected the survival of the people. Starting in the 1920s, global fur prices began to decline as the demand for fur dropped, resulting in some Mi'kmaq quitting trapping to work for Europeans as loggers.[citation needed]
Qalipu First Nation
The Qalipu First Nation (phon: /xa.li.bu/, [xalibu]; Mi'kmaq for 'caribou') is a Mi'kmaq band government based on the eastern Canadian island of Newfoundland. The landless band was created by order-in-council in 2011, pursuant to the Agreement for the Recognition of the Qalipu Mi'kmaq Band. Following their approval as a First Nation, around 100,000 people applied for membership, while a total of 23,000 were, ultimately, approved.
In 2018, the Qalipu First Nation was accepted as a member of the Canadian Assembly of First Nations.
Prior to the time of European contact, the Mi'kmaq people inhabited Miꞌkmaꞌki, their vast territories which encompassed much of modern-day Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, as well as portions of northeastern New Brunswick and Quebec's Gaspé Peninsula.
By the 17th century, the Mi'kmaq would often visit the island they called Taqamkuk (present-day Newfoundland) by crossing the Cabot Strait in shallops that they adopted from European fur traders. They visited the island and hunted along its south coast, going as far east as Placentia Bay, before returning to Unamaki[citation needed]. Gradually, Taqamkuk became one of their "domain of islands". Some [who?] Mi'kmaq individuals have stated[citation needed] that, in addition to those traveling to the island to hunt, a group of their people had already lived on the island for hundreds of years. The island's historical populace, the Beothuk, are thought to have died out in the early 1800s. Shanawdithit was the last full-blooded, known living member of the Beothuk people; she eventually died with no known living descendants.
During Canada's 18th-century colonial period, French and British forces warred for rights to North American land claims. The Mi'kmaq, and several other First Nations, became closely allied with France, with whom they frequently traded furs and other goods and necessities. Together, they raided British colonial settlements in New England, as well as the Atlantic regions of what would become Canada. In 1763, after France was defeated by Britain in the Seven Years' War, the country ceded all land east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain, including the Mi'kmaq long-held traditional land. After this, numerous British colonists entered the territories and tried to settle.
Newfoundland, however, was still sparsely populated, and most Europeans lived on the eastern portion of the island, in small and isolated coastal fishing settlements. The Mi'kmaq living on the island were, essentially, able to continue their traditional way of life on the island's west coast and within the interior. After the Beothuk people disappeared in the 1800s, the Mi'kmaq no longer shared Newfoundland's interior with another people. In 1857, a colonial census of Newfoundland recorded Mi'kmaq settlements at St. George's Bay, Codroy Valley, Bay d'Espoir and the Bay of Exploits.
The English and other Europeans had little knowledge of the interior and relied on the Mi'kmaq for support.[citation needed] In 1822, explorer William Cormack traversed the island's interior from Trinity Bay to St. George's Bay, guided by a Mi'kmaw man named Sylvester Joe. In the 1860s, the British hired a group of Mi'kmaq men for overland postal delivery via a network of trails to reach the northern communities.
In 1898, a railway was constructed across the island, giving Europeans greater access to Newfoundland's interior. Numerous settlers thus arrived to hunt the caribou and moose, in addition to other animals, causing a sharp decline in local wildlife populations. The caribou, for example, had served as one of the main sources of food and supplies for the Mi'kmaq, and their decline adversely affected the survival of the people. Starting in the 1920s, global fur prices began to decline as the demand for fur dropped, resulting in some Mi'kmaq quitting trapping to work for Europeans as loggers.[citation needed]